<p>The Jurgens Site is a Paleo-Indian site located near Greeley in Weld County, Colorado. While the site was used primarily to hunt and butcher bison antiquus, there is evidence that the Paleo-Indians also gathered plants and seeds for food about 7,000 to 7,500 BC.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The site is located on a South Platte River terrace in northeastern Colorado, 9 miles east of Greeley near the town of Kersey. There are three sites located nearby; The Frazier site is 1 mi away and the Dent site is 16 mi southwest.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Paleo-Indian</h3><br>
<p>The items found at the site were identified as Cody complex culture. The Cody complex was first identified at a bison antiquus kill site near Cody, Wyoming in 1951. In addition to the Cody and Jurgens site, other Cody bison kill sites include Green River Basic (WY), Carter/Kerr-McGee (WY) and Frasca (CO). The sites are distinguished by their campsites, tools and butchering process. The tools, dated between about 6,000 and 8,000 BC, include Cody knives and Scottsbluff and diamond shaped Eden projectile points. Shaft abraders, used to straighten spear shafts, were found at the Jurgens Site and a few other Cody complex sites.</p><br>
<p>According to Noel Justice, the site was inhabited first by people of the Agate Basin Site culture and a second time by people defined as the "Kersey culture".</p><br>
<h3>Bison kill site</h3><br>
<p>Although bison antiquus were dying off as the result of climate changes at the end of the Ice Age, the Jurgens site was evidence of their ability to acquire significant numbers of bison about 7150 B.C.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeology</h3><br>
<h4>Artifacts</h4><br>
<p>Artifacts were found in distinct areas within the site:</p><br>
<p>There was also an area where tools were resharpened or replaced. In addition to the bison bones at the site, there were also butchered mammal (such as antelope, elk, deer), fish and bird bones.</p><br>
<p>Tools at the site included:</p><br>
<p>63 Kersey lanceolate projectile points, like the Eden projectile points. The raw material for the points was quartzite, found locally, and Alibates from northern Texas.</p><br>
<p>271 utilized and 2,023 debitage flakes</p><br>
<p>84 end scrapers</p><br>
<p>32 knives, some of which appear to have been fashioned from previous projectile points</p><br>
<p>30 ground-stone (anvil, hammerstone, etc.)</p><br>
<p>9 bone tools (atlatl hooks, an engraved unla, antler flaking hammer)</p><br>
<p>55 stone or mineral items</p><br>
<h4>Excavation and studies</h4><br>
<p>In 1967 Wormington excavated the Frazier site where she found Agate Basin Site (WY) artifacts and bison bones. Malde was the geologist on the Dent and Frazier sites.</p><br>
<p>The Trinchera Cave Archeological District  is an archaeological site in Las Animas County, Colorado with artifacts primarily dating from 1000 BC to AD 1749, although there were some Archaic period artifacts found. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 and is located on State Trust Lands.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Trinchera Cave is located within the Trinchera Creek canyon</p><br>
<p>in south central Colorado, west of Interstate 25, in the foothills of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The climate zones and topography vary significantly in the 3,147 square mile Trinchera data analysis area (State of Colorado). Elevations range from 5370 to 14345 ft, the lowest being at the San Francisco Creek to the height at Blanca Peak. Between the two points are low rolling hills, valleys, ridges, steep mountain slopes and cliffs. At the lowest elevation there is less than 6 inches of precipitation per year; The mountainous areas receive 20 or more inches of precipitation per year, primarily in the form of snow. The habitat supports elk and deer populations.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological data indicates that there were people who inhabited or camped at the site from the late Archaic cultural period, Sopris Phase, Apishapa culture complex, and late prehistoric periods, which spanned a period from several thousand years BC to AD 1749.</p><br>
<h3>Archaic period - 5850-3050 BC</h3><br>
<p>People of the Archaic period were hunters of smaller game, such as deer, antelope and rabbits, and gatherers of wild plants. The people moved seasonally to hunting and gathering sites. Late in the Archaic period, about AD 200-500, corn was introduced into the diet and pottery-making became an occupation for storing and caring food.</p><br>
<p>Large corner notched points from the Archaic age are artifacts found at the site and akin to the Texas Ellis points or Denver area Magic Mountain Site points found in Zone B. The presence of the points could show a relationship to the Basketmaker culture of New Mexico and Arizona, one of 17 such sites in southern Colorado.</p><br>
<h3>Sopris phase - AD 1000-1250</h3><br>
<p>Sopris Phase, was an Upper Rio Grande hunter-gatherer culture that followed the Archaic period, influenced by pueblo people, such as the Taos Pueblo, and trade in the Upper Rio Grande.</p><br>
<p>Santa Fe black-on-white pottery and Taos gray pottery were found at the second oldest level at the rock shelter. Also at that level was a greater percentage of corner-notched projectile that was found in the oldest level. The research and dating of items of this period indicate dates from AD 1100 to 1350, likely in the 1200s, and indicate a trading relationships with people of the American southwest.</p><br>
<h3>Panhandle culture</h3><br>
<p>Panhandle culture is a prehistoric culture of the southern High Plains during the Middle Ceramic Period from AD 1200-1400. Panhandle sites are primarily in the panhandle and west central Oklahoma and the northern half of the Texas Panhandle. Antelope Creek focus is the primary, and to some the only, cultural tradition of the Panhandle culture. The Optima focus was defined for sites in west central Oklahoma, but after further study, these sites were defined as Antelope Creek focus. In 1975 Robert G. Campbell defined the Apishapa of southeastern Colorado&#39;s Chaquaqua Plateau as a Panhandle culture, which is disputed by other noted archaeologists. Most of the sites are centered around the Canadian River or its tributaries, primarily Antelope Creek and also Cottonwood Creek, Dixon Creek, Tarbox Creek and also on the Archie King Ranch.</p><br>
<p>Distinguishing characteristics of the Panhandle culture are:</p><br>
<p>Great similarity to the Central Plains complexes</p><br>
<p>Some, but much less, evidence of trading or influence of Southwestern pueblo cultures</p><br>
<p>Single or multi-roomed stone structures</p><br>
<p>Just above the Sopris level were remains of a Jacal structure. This level appears to contain a Panhandle culture influence, based upon the presence of artifacts typical of the Antelope Creek Phase and Stamper cord-marked pottery.</p><br>
<p>The Apishapa Phase, from AD 1000-1400, was identified by archaeologist Robert G. Campbell to be an outgrowth of the Panhandle culture. The Apishapa distinctions included that they sometimes lived in stone or slab constructed structures, made cord-wrapped pottery and used smaller projectile points; Unlike other Plains tribes, they did not use tools made of bison bones. They were a tradition of hunter gatherers who sometimes farmed. The people of the Apishapa phase lived in northern New Mexico or southern Colorado in rock shelters, single or multi-room stone or slab structures or in campsites, generally in protected areas near flowing water. Artifacts from this phase include a wide range of tools, cord-wrapped pottery and baskets. The initial reference point for the term was an archaeological site in the Lower Apishapa canyon.</p><br>
<h3>Discovery</h3><br>
<p>William Louden, a historian, geologist, and rancher, discovered the cave when he flew overhead the area in 1947. With Ruth Henritze, Louden dug for artifacts.</p><br>
<p>Penetente Architecture at the Mouth of Long Canyon, Las Animas County, Colorado - Stephen K. Ireland, Ruth H. Henritze. (1973)</p><br>
<p>Las Animas Archaeological and Historical Site Survey - William C. Louden, Stephen K. Ireland. (1974)</p><br>
<p>Granada and Holly Archaeological Site Survey - Willard C. Louden, Stephen K. Ireland. (1974)</p><br>
<p>In 1984 the Louden-Henritze Archeology Museum at the Trinidad State Junior College was dedicated to Richard and Willard Louden and Ruth Henritze.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeology</h3><br>
<h4>Cave description</h4><br>
<p>The cave, approximately 30 by under a 8 m overhang, is surrounded by Dakota formation sandstone and sits on a Purgatoire shale formation floor. Within the rock shelter there were previously walls, reportedly built with sandstone blocks, estimated to be 1.5 m thick. Adjacent to the shelter is a creek.</p><br>
<p>The shelter stays cool in the summer due to the overhang and is warmed by the sun in the winter.</p><br>
<h4>Artifacts and other information</h4><br>
<p>Trinchera Cave shares some similarities with a couple of other archaeological sites in eastern Colorado. Trinchera Cave, Franktown Cave and Chamber Cave, all showed significant evidence of residence, including a wealth of perishable items. The Trinchera and Chamber Cave sites, though, are located in the Arkansas River basin and connected with the people of the southern plains. Franktown Cave is located in the South Platte River basin, near Denver, Colorado. The latest inhabitants of the cave were the Apache and Comanche tribes.</p><br>
<p>Excavations were performed between the 1950s and 1970s, finding a similar variety of perishable items that were found at the Franktown Cave. The collection was taken and stored at the neighboring Trinidad State Junior College, but the information about the perishable items collection has not yet tabulated and published.</p><br>
<h4>Excavation and studies</h4><br>
<h2>Louden-Henritze Museum of Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The Louden-Henritze Museum of Archaeology, located in Trinidad on the grounds of the Trinidad State Junior College, replica of the Trinchera Cave rockshelter exhibits examples of items made by pre-historic people, including pottery, projectile points, and perishable items made from plants, such as braided ropes, grass mats and yucca sandals. The dry, protected cave preserved the perishable items.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph Cathedral is a Catholic cathedral located in downtown Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States. It is the mother church of the Diocese of Baton Rouge, and it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1990.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Joseph Parish was founded as the Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores in 1792; its name was changed some time after Louisiana became a State in 1812 as English became more and more the language of the population in Baton Rouge. The present church building, the Parish&#39;s third, was begun in 1853. The church was designated the cathedral church of the Diocese of Baton Rouge by Pope John XXIII in the bull of erection "Peramplum Novae Aureliae" dated July 22, 1961; the erection of the diocese took place on November 8, 1961, with Most Rev. Robert Emmet Tracy as is first bishop. The church building underwent a significant interior renovation in 1967 and was re-dedicated on September 30, 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company Warehouse and Repair Facility is an Art Deco industrial building, located at 1111 North Capitol Street, Northeast, Washington, D.C., in the NoMa neighborhood which houses the headquarters of National Public Radio.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1927.</p><br>
<p>It housed C & P Telephone Company’s fleet of repair trucks, and telephone overhaul shop.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in 2006.</p><br>
<p>It was leased with an option to purchase, by the Smithsonian Institution. It was redeveloped with new construction as the fourth headquarters building of National Public Radio, which opened in April 2013. A new office tower of 10 to 12 stories was built behind the historic façade.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph Co-Cathedral is a Catholic cathedral located in Thibodaux, Louisiana, United States. Along with the Cathedral of St. Francis de Sales in Houma it is the seat of the Diocese of Houma-Thibodaux. It is also the oldest parish in the diocese. The church building and rectory are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Saint Joseph&#39;s Co-Cathedral and Rectory.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Joseph Parish first began to organize in 1813 and was founded as a mission to Assumption Church in Plattenville in 1817. Two years later a small wooden church building was constructed near the current church cemetery. The Rev. Antoine Potini was assigned as St. Joseph&#39;s first pastor. The Rev. Charles Menard had a brick church built in 1849 and it was destroyed by a fire in 1916. The relics of Saint Valerie survived the fire and are in the current church in a glass sarcophagus. The present church was begun in 1920 during the pastorate of Msgr. Alexander Barbier. It was completed three years later in the Renaissance Revival style. The first Mass was celebrated on January 25, 1923. The ornamental marble and plaster work was added in 1931 and the final paint scheme was done in 1954.</p><br>
<p>Two of the parish&#39;s that were created from St. Joseph include St. Genevieve Parish, that was established in 1959, and St. Thomas Aquinas Parish in 1970.</p><br>
<p>On March 2, 1977 Pope Paul VI established the Diocese of Houma-Thibodaux. St. Francis de Sales Church in Houma became the cathedral of the new diocese and St. Joseph Church in Thibodaux became the co-cathedral.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph Life Center was built in 1985 to house the parish&#39;s administrative offices and community center. A major restoration of the co-cathedral church was completed in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The exterior of St. Joseph Co-Cathedral is composed of pressed brick with stone trim. Two twin towers flank the main façade, which features a rose window. The roof is covered in terra cotta tile.</p><br>
<p>The main feature in the interior is the 34 foot (10.4 m) high Baldachin in the apse. Symbols of the Four Evangelists are carved into its upper edge. The same symbols are found on the columns in the church. On the dome above are found the symbols of the Tree of Knowledge, the Tree of Life, a snake, an apple, and peacocks symbolizing the triumph and glory of the risen Christ. The coat of arms for Pope Pius XI and Archbishop John Shaw of New Orleans are also found there. The stained glass windows portray the life of Christ and the seven Sacraments. A crest appears on all the columns with an emblem of faith, hope, charity and the Ship of Life. They are above a cast of grapes and wheat, which symbolizes the Eucharist.</p><br>
<p>For people with the surname, see Bouchot .</p><br>
<p>The Bouchot is a river in the French region of Lorraine which flows in the Vosges department. It is a right tributary of the Moselotte, and thus a sub-tributary of the Rhine via the Moselotte and the Moselle.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Bouchot rises in the Massif des Vosges, on a flank of the Tête de Grouvelin, a peak located within the commune of Gérardmer in the Bas-Rupts section. The Bouchot is thus also known as the ruisseau des Hauts-Rupts from its source to its confluence with the ruisseau des Bas-Rupts. It flows through Rochesson, follows Gerbamont, then flows into Sapois where the ruisseau de Menaurupt joins its right bank. After flowing though Vagney, it joins the right bank of the Moselotte.</p><br>
<p>At Gerbamont, it cascades at the Saut du Bouchot, a waterfall that is 28 m high.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The hydrological discharge of the Bouchot, measured at its confluence with the Moselle, is 1.96 m3/s for a watershed of 56.9 km&sup2;. The runoff curve number in the watershed is 1,086 mm, which is very high, a characteristic shared with other rivers in the Vosges region. It is more than three times higher than the average for France including all basins, and also larger by a wide margin than the French basin of the Moselle, which is 445 mm at Hauconcourt downstream of Metz ). The Bouchot&#39;s specific flow rate thus comes in very high, at 34.45 litres per second per square kilometre of watershed.</p><br>
<h2>Main tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Ruisseau des Bas Rupts</p><br>
<p>Ruisseau de Creusegoutte</p><br>
<p>Ruisseau de Noire-goutte</p><br>
<p>Goutte de Jossonfaing</p><br>
<p>Goutte de Battion</p><br>
<p>Goutte de Plainfaing</p><br>
<p>Goutte de Frimont</p><br>
<p>Goutte du Herray</p><br>
<p>Ruisseau de Peute-goutte</p><br>
<p>Goutte Mathias</p><br>
<p>Ruisseau de Menaurupt</p><br>
<p>Ruisseau des Naufaings</p><br>
<p>The Winder Building is an office building in Washington, D.C., just west of the White House.</p><br>
<p>It is located at 604 17th Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was designed by Richard A. Gilpin, (or Robert Mills), for W. H. Winder, a nephew of Gen. William H. Winder.</p><br>
<p>It was leased as government offices.</p><br>
<p>The government purchased it in 1854 for $200,000. It was originally covered in stucco, which was stripped and brick painted. The windows have been replaced.</p><br>
<p>The building is maintained by General Services Administration and occupied by the Office of the United States Trade Representative, since 1981.</p><br>
<p>It was threatened with demolition in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The building is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Kiushan Tao is an island east of China. It is also known as Niushan Dao , Niu Shan, and Turnabout Island. The island forms a part of the boundary between the East China Sea and the South China Sea.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>1873 lighthouse</h3><br>
<p>The island and its shoals are a hazard to navigation. In 1873, a lighthouse was built on the island. A 1901 sailing manual describes the island as being about 218 feet high, having two islets, and dangerous rocks to the north and south. The manual describes the light:</p><br>
<h3>Wreck of the S.S. San Pablo</h3><br>
<p>The SS San Pablo was owned by the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company. The ship ran between San Francisco and Hong Kong.</p><br>
<p>The San Pablo had been intended as a collier between San Francisco and Tacoma, but Occidental & Oriential converted her for passenger service. Her first trip as a refitted passenger vessel started April 26, 1887.</p><br>
<p>In 1887, Antonio Jacobsen painted a waterscape of the ship.</p><br>
<p>On April 24, 1888, the San Pablo was in the Formosa Strait. There was a thick fog, and the ship ran aground north of Turnabout Island at about 3:30 in the morning. The ship was hard aground, and two holds and a coal bunker filled with water. The ship might capsize. The ship was going to be abandoned, and the crew and passengers were about to head for Turnabout lighthouse, when the ship was set upon by pirates from the mainland. Captain Reed armed the passengers and crew, and the first attack was repulsed. During a second attack, the pirates gained the main deck, but were beaten back with steam hoses. The pirates waited half a mile from the ship.</p><br>
<p>The crew and passengers then made for land, and the pirates took the ship. While the pirates had the ship, a fire broke out, and the San Pablo burned to the waterline.</p><br>
<h3>Painting</h3><br>
<p>In 1921, the British watercolorist John Fraser painted Passing Turnabout Island. China Sea - 1875. Vessel under full sail. The painting is held by National Maritime Museum.</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>In May 1938, the Japanese captured Amoy and gained control of the lighthouse. In June 1942, the Chinese managed to blow up the lighthouse and then retreat. Japanese troops then occupied the island and constructed a temporary lighthouse and a radio station. In April 1945, some unarmed Chinese troops dressed as fishermen and some fishermen evaded some Japanese security checks and landed on the island under the guise of supplying or collecting food. They were able to separate and surprise the Japanese on the island. At one point, a single Japanese guard was watching a group of Chinese; they killed him and gained his weapon. Stones were also used as weapons. The Chinese gained control of the island.</p><br>
<h3>Convoy attack</h3><br>
<p>On 25 October 1944, the USS Tang (SS-306) discovered a large, well-protected, convoy near Turnabout Island. Tang penetrated the destroyer screen and attacked the convoy. Tang sank several ships and evaded the destroyers. Later Tang attacked one of the ships she had damaged, but Tang fell victim to a circular run by one of her own torpedoes.</p><br>
<h3>Awa Maru incident</h3><br>
<p>On April 1, 1945, the submarine USS Queenfish (SS-393) torpedoed the Awa Maru near Turnabout Island in what became known as the Awa Maru incident. The Japanese government had obtained safe passage for the vessel as a Red Cross relief ship. Only one of the 2004 passengers survived.</p><br>
<h3>New lighthouse</h3><br>
<p>The lighthouse was destroyed during World War II. A temporary lighthouse was installed in 1947 and refurbished in 1982. In 1987, a new lighthouse was built. The lighthouse may have been rebuilt in December 1998.</p><br>
<p>The George Washington Baines House is located in the city of Salado, county of Bell, in the USA state of Texas. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Bell County, Texas in 1983, and designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1981.</p><br>
<p>George Washington Baines was the father of Joseph Wilson Baines, who was the father of Rebekah Baines, mother of Lyndon B. Johnson. A Baptist minister, Rev. Baines had been president of Baylor University, and traveled for the Baptist State Convention when he built this house around 1866. The Greek Revival style house is a frame one-and-one-half-story structure. The front of the house features a double-door transomed entrance. The porch is supported by square columns. Baines lived in this house until his death in 1883.</p><br>
<p>Colorado Millennial Site is a prehistoric Paleo-Indian archaeological site located near Ruxton in the southeastern part of the USA state of Colorado, sitting along the border between Baca and Las Animas counties. It is also known by its site ID, 5LA1115, and the names Hackberry Springs and Bloody Springs.</p><br>
<p>The site was inhabited from 6999 B.C. to A.D. 1900. The prehistoric cultures included Archaic and Woodland cultures and the site is significant for its rock art, village settlement, and military battle site.</p><br>
<p>The site, situated along an overhanging bluff, provided natural shelter and had access to a reliable supply of water for its prehistoric inhabitants, who left evidence of their residency in the form of rock art.</p><br>
<p>The Cheyenne and USA 7th Cavalry had the last documented southeastern Colorado military battle with Native Americans at the site in 1868.</p><br>
<p>Lake Vaquero is a private lake located two blocks southwest of Topeka, Kansas, and about three blocks northwest of Lake Sherwood . It is a manmade lake contained by a 33 ft high dam on its southwest. It is bounded by Indian Hills Road on the east, El Cerrito Drive on the south, Lagito Drive on the west and SW 29th Street on the north. If filled to the dam&#39;s brim, the lake would have a 340 acre capacity. It normally has a 306 acre capacity.</p><br>
<p>Lake Vaquero was built in the early 1960s. It has always been a lake and over the years residences have been built around it. Today, it is completely surrounded by houses. Periodically the lake has been dredged, because runoff from nearby construction and fields has resulted in the lake bottom being covered in silt. In 2010, the lake&#39;s owners, represented by the Vaquero Lake Club, faced costly upgrades to the dam to increase the safety of persons and property downstream from it.</p><br>
<p>Being a private lake, Vaquero Lake Club members enjoy boating, fishing and swimming at the beach on Lake Vaquero.</p><br>
<p>The Robbins Passage and Boullanger Bay Important Bird Area is a 238 km tract of land at the western end of the north coast of Tasmania, south-eastern Australia. It comprises extensive areas of intertidal mudflats and saltmarsh with adjacent farmland. It is an important site for waders, or shorebirds.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The site encompasses all the mudflats around Robbins Island, extending eastwards around Perkins Bay to North Point. It includes most of the Duck Bay, Lees Point, Perkins Island and West Inlet Conservation Areas, as well as the Petrel Islands. It is adjacent to the northern end of the North-west Tasmanian Coast Important Bird Area in the west.</p><br>
<p>The Petrel Islands Group includes Big Stony, Little Stony, Big Sandy and South West Petrel Islands. They support breeding short-tailed shearwaters and are heavily used for muttonbirding.</p><br>
<h2>Birds</h2><br>
<p>The site has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports over 1% of the world populations of red-necked stints, double-banded plovers, pied and sooty oystercatchers, and a population of hooded plovers. The IBA is the most important site for waders in Tasmania, with over 25,000 birds using it in summer.</p><br>
<p>The saltmarsh and fringing farmland provide habitat for critically endangered orange-bellied parrots on migration, as well as flame robins and many of Tasmania’s endemic bird species. Significant numbers of ruddy turnstones and Far Eastern curlews have been recorded. White-bellied sea eagles and Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagles breed within the site. The IBA also supports some 242,000 breeding pairs of short-tailed shearwaters.</p><br>
<p>Prospect House  is a historic building, located at 3508 Prospect Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Georgetown neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1788, by James Lingan, designed by William Thornton, architect of the United States Capitol. President John Adams visited the residence and Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette was a house guest. It was a guest house, while Blair House was under renovation.</p><br>
<p>Notable previous owners include Secretary of Defense James Forrestal. In 1951, Congressman Richard Thurmond Chatham and his wife Patricia Firestone Coyner purchased and remodeled Prospect House.</p><br>
<p>Prospect House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is a contributing property to the Georgetown Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Its 2009 property value is $5,016,210.</p><br>
<p>The Heroes Monument  is a bronze statue located in Jakarta, Indonesia. The monument celebrates the heroes of the struggles of the Indonesian nation symbolized by a peasant youth wearing a caping with a rifle on his shoulder, a mother behind him offering him a dish of rice. The caping is a traditional farmers hat in Indonesia, thus the statue is also referred as the Farmers Monument .</p><br>
<h2>History and design</h2><br>
<p>The idea for the creation of the statue was initiated by Sukarno, the first president of Indonesia, when he visited Moscow in the late 1950s and was impressed with the statues in the city. He was introduced to a Socialist realist sculptor Matvey Manizer and his son Ossip Manizer. In order to inspire them, Sukarno invited the sculptors to Indonesia to build a statue which embodies the fight to achieve independence, which at that time Indonesia was fighting for the freedom of West Papua from the Dutch colonialism. While exploring a rural village in West Java, the sculptors were inspired by a folklore about a mother who supported her son to win the war and to remember his parents and his land as well as giving him some rice for his journey.</p><br>
<p>The statue was built in the Soviet Union and brought to Indonesia by ship. It was inaugurated in 1963. The statue sits at the junction of Menteng and Prapatan Street, which had been an important place during the days of the August 1945 revolution. The statue has been controversial since armed peasants are sometimes identified with communism.</p><br>
<p>There is a caption on the pedestal, a sentence by Sukarno: "HANJA BANGSA JANG MENGHARGAI PAHLAWAN PAHLAWANNJA DAPAT MENJADI BANGSA JANG BESAR" (English: "A NATION THAT EXALTS ITS HEROES IS A GREAT NATION")</p><br>
<p>The Badu Building is located in the city of Llano, county of Llano, in the USA state of Texas. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Llano County, Texas in 1980, and designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1981. It is also known as the Badu House and as the Carol Phelan Building.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Larramour and Watson, the Badu building was erected in 1890 by the Llano Improvement and Furnace Company, as the location of the newly chartered First National Bank. The building is constructed of local granite and locally manufactured red brick. The marble-floored street level with its carved wood interiors were the public access portion of the bank. The second floor was designed for office space. The Llano Improvement and Furnace Company had been organized with the specific purpose of promoting land development in the area, but went bankrupt circa 1894. The building was sold to N. J. Badu in 1898 at a public auction. Until 1980, the building had been continuously owned by members of Badu&#39;s family. From 1907 to 1912, the building was leased to the First State Bank of Llano. The Badu family sold it in 1980. It has been used as a bed and breakfast facility, and as a restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>N.J. Badu</h2><br>
<p>N. J. Badu was a native of Nancy, France. Educated and trained as a geologist in Europe, Badu emigrated</p><br>
<p>from France to Mexico. From there, he traveled to New Orleans, eventually finding employment in Texas as an instructor of the French language, in the Lamar County town of Paris. He married a woman from the same county by the name of Charlie Neal. After a subsequent career change, he gained some experience at hotel management in Dallas and Austin. During his tenure in Paris, Badu had heard much about the geology of Llano. He was hired by the Llano Improvement and Furnace Company to manage the Algona Hotel, the area&#39;s grand upscale establishment. When the Llano Improvement and Furnace Company went bankrupt, the Algona closed. Badu became employed as a manager of the Driskill Hotel in Austin, but maintained his home in Llano. Badu became a full-time mineralogist, with his laboratory based in Llano.</p><br>
<p>The Linden Hall Historic District is located in Linden Hall, Harris Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania, USA. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. The district incorporates the historic village of Linden Hall, which dates from the late 1700s. The resources within the district, which total 33 structures, range in date from 1810 to 1919. The district represents an excellent collection of diverse 19th and early 20th century vernacular dwelling styles representative of small rural villages in central Pennsylvania. Linden Hall is one of the oldest continually inhabited communities in western Penns Valley and closely resembles in its scale and mix of resources, other local villages which evolved around mills established in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The town originally developed as a mill site along Cedar Run around 1800. The village expanded northward from the mill site throughout the 19th century. Though never very large, Linden Hall reached its greatest extent around the turn of the century. A train station was added to the village when the railroad was extended through the valley in 1885.</p><br>
<p>Today, the early commercial enterprises are gone, robbing Linden Hall of a central focus and leaving gaps among the homes that remain. Major buildings include the Rock Hill School, the Evangelical Methodist Church and the Irvin residence. Homes are principally Victorian in style and are of frame construction. Although some are only one story in height, most range from two to two-and-a-half stories.</p><br>
<h2>History of the village</h2><br>
<p>The first people known to have settled in Linden Hall was the James Watson family who built a cabin along Cedar Creek sometime prior to 1778. The family left the area as a result of numerous Indian raids which forced many families from the area in the "Great Runaway" between 1778 and 1788. On their return, they brought with them an Irish immigrant, John Irvin, who later married their Daughter Anne. Irvin prospered and in 1808, built a grist mill at the narrowest spot on Cedar Creek. The mill and farm which Irvin established upstream of the mill site became the nucleus for what was to become the village of Linden Hall. Because of periodic fires, this location was to be occupied by a succession of two more mills until operations ceased in 1928. The mill was removed in 1938.</p><br>
<p>The village may have begun with the Irvin mill and farm, but the village grew in part from the establishment of three other farms and their associated buildings. These were established by John Tressler (1836), Daniel Hess (1857) and John Ross (1870). As these other farms were established during the nineteenth century, Linden Hall became a local service center and soon other homes were built and businesses started in the village. These early commercial enterprises included a cobbler shop operated by George Huss and three stores, two of which still exist in the district but are no longer in operation.</p><br>
<p>Daniel Hess, who established his farm in the area in 1857 and also operated a local store, was instrumental in having the Pennsylvania Rail Road come through Linden Hall. This event initiated a period of economic prosperity which lasted until about the mid-1920s. With rail transportation, it became feasible to commercially exploit stands of white pine and hemlock in the nearby mountains and in 1895, the Linden Hall Lumber Company was formed to log Bear Meadows and the area along Laurel Run in what is currently Rothrock State Forest. With the influx of workers for the nearby lumber mill and the establishment of a coal and lumber business at Linden Hall, a local boom ensued which was reflected by a marked increase in building activity. During the period from 1885-1900, six new homes, a new school, a church, and two new barns were built. The decline in the lumber industry and the rise of the automobile for transportation resulted in less traffic through Linden Hall, and construction declined after 1900. By 1920, passenger service was no longer offered through the village; however, freight rail continued until Hurricane Agnes destroyed portions of the Railroad Right of Way in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Hanna–Kenty House is located at 251 E. High St. in Lisbon, Ohio. It is also known as the Marcus Hanna Boyhood Home.</p><br>
<p>The home is recognized for its local architectural significance. It combines the early 19th century Federal style and the early 20th century Colonial Revival style. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1838 from a design specified in a contract between the builder, Samuel Reynolds, and the owner, Leonard Hanna, the house was remodeled in 1907.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Leonard Hanna was an abolitionist and campaigner for temperance. His son, Marcus managed President William McKinley’s campaign tours in 1896 and 1900, and was national chairman of the Republican party. In 1898, he was appointed senator and was elected to the position in 1902.</p><br>
<p>The house is now owned by Mabel Primm.</p><br>
<p>The Buchberg is a wide cone-shaped mountain on the northern edge of the Zittau Mountains which is 652 m above sea level . The Buchberg is entirely wooded. Whilst the mountain drops steeply to the east and north, it slopes away relatively gently to the south and west. South of the mountain is an area of raised bog which forms the source region of the Zwittebach.</p><br>
<h2>Location and area</h2><br>
<p>The Buchberg rises west of the village of Jonsdorf and east of Waltersdorf. The road from Jonsdorf to Waltersdorf runs across the northern slopes of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Routes to the top</h2><br>
<p>The peak may be ascended from hiking paths, most of which run from Jonsdorf in the general direction of the summit. No direct paths run over the summit itself.</p><br>
<p>The Buchberg is a 674-metre-high mountain in the Bavarian Fichtel Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The mountain, which is formed from porphyritic granite, lies south of the village of Reicholdsgrün, in the borough of Kirchenlamitz in the district of Wunsiedel im Fichtelgebirge.</p><br>
<p>The Buchberg is cloaked by a forest, 23 hectares in area, which is one of the few near-natural stands of deciduous forest in the Fichtel Mountains (woodrush beech forest). As a result, the area has been a protected natural monument since 1938 and is also a designated Natura 2000 region.</p><br>
<p>On the north side of the granite rock face is a memorial tablet to Arthur Münch, who held the post of gamekeeper and forest manager for decades.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Dietmar Herrmann: Lexikon Fichtelgebirge, Hof 2000, p. 95</p><br>
<p>Rudolf Thiem: Gedenktafel Dr. Münch. In: Der Siebenstern 2006, p. 138</p><br>
<p>Willi Fischer: Ein Juwel der Natur. In the Frankenpost Hof dated 11 February 2011</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Tushiyah United Hebrew School, later known as the Scott Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church, is an educational building located at 609 East Kirby Street in Detroit, Michigan. This building, an important work of architect Isadore M. Lewis, was constructed as the Tushiyah United Hebrew School and served as the headquarters of the United Hebrew Schools of Detroit. It later served as the Scott Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church, the first mainline African-American Methodist Episcopal church in Detroit. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Tushiyah United Hebrew School</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1920s, the number of people of Detroit increased dramatically, and with it, the city&#39;s Jewish population also grew. The new wave of Jewish arrivals, particularly those emigrating from Eastern Europe, spread north along what was then the Hastings Street corridor (the current location of I-75). Between 1919 and 1924, the new population built a series of Talmud Torah schools, which emphasized community-based education. The locations of these schools spread northward along Hastings Street, following the Jewish population.</p><br>
<p>The Tushiyah United Hebrew School, built in 1922 on Kirby and St. Antoine, was one of these schools. Also known as the Kirby Center, it was constructed as the headquarters of the United Hebrew Schools. The building contained classrooms for 1500 students and an auditorium for 2000 people. It served not only as a school for children, but also hosted adult education classes and community group functions.</p><br>
<p>The school was designed by Isadore M. Lewis, a Jewish architect who designed a wide array of commercial, industrial, and residential buildings, primarily for Jewish clients. Lewis was born in Appleton, Wisconsin in 1888, and in 1916 moved to Detroit to open his own architectural firm. He practiced in Detroit until at least 1960, and died in 1968.</p><br>
<p>As the 1920s wound down, the Jewish population began shifting northward and westward away from the Tushiyah United Hebrew School, building homes and schools in the Dexter-Davidson neighborhood. New African-American residents began moving into the Hastings Street neighborhood as the earlier Jewish residents moved out. The shift in population, combined with the decline in popularity of the Talmud Torah schools, lead to the closure of the Tushiyah United Hebrew School in 1929.</p><br>
<h2>Scott Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church</h2><br>
<p>In 1929, after the closure of the school, the building was sold to the Scott Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church. The Scott Memorial ME church was founded in 1909; it was the first African-American Methodist Episcopal congregation in the city. The congregation started small, meeting in homes and storefronts and sharing a pastor with a congregation in Toledo, Ohio. In 1914, the church constructed its first building. The congregation continued to grow, and by 1924, Scott was planning on the construction of a second building. The church instead purchased the Tushiyah United Hebrew School in 1929, presumably because the cost, $92,500, was less than that for a new building.</p><br>
<p>The congregation worked hard to retire the mortgage, and by 1943, the building was paid off. This freed funding for building improvements, and the congregation put in new pews and a new roof in 1943, and remodeled part of the first floor into a youth center in 1948.</p><br>
<p>Scott Memorial was instrumental in the eventual unification of the white and African-American Methodist Episcopal churches. In 1957, Scott Memorial co-hosted an inter-racial leadership conference with the white Detroit Metropolitan Methodist Church, featuring an address by Thurgood Marshall, then an attorney for the NAACP.</p><br>
<p>However, the Scott Memorial ME church continued to grow, with over 2000 members in the mid-1960s. In 1968, the congregation began once more to look for a larger building. In 1970, the predominantly white Grace United Methodist Church merged with another congregation and offered their building, located on West Boston, to Scott Memorial for $1.00. Scott Memorial accepted the offer, and moved from the Kirby building.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, Scott Memorial sold the Kirby building to the Wild Life Field and Stream Club. In 1997, the building was sold again to the Most Worshipful Unity Grand Lodge of Michigan, Ancient and Accepted Masons. This organization owns the building as of 2011, but plans to sell it to a developer for conversion into apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Tushiyah United Hebrew School – Scott Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church is a two-story commercial-style building with a concrete foundation, masonry walls, and steel framing. The building is clad with tan brick, and features decorative brickwork with cast stone trim, medallions, and reliefs.</p><br>
<p>The original building was constructed in an L-shape, 102 feet by 134 feet. An arched roof, obscured by the parapet walls, covers the main section while the east-west section of the building has a flat roof. A single-story addition of concrete block and brick was built in 1950 across the rear, making a C-shape.</p><br>
<p>The front facade, facing Kirby Street, has five bays. The center bay has four piers with limestone bands and an urn at the top. Each floor has a pair of one-over-one double-hung windows with transoms. The bay to the left of the center contains the entrance, with two aluminum and glass doors. Two one-over-one double-hung windows with transoms hang on the second floor, surmounted by a weathered plaque reading "Tushiyah United Hebrew Schools of Detroit." The parapet wall has a brick relief in the center. The bay to the right of the center is identical to the entrance bay, but with two one-over-one double-hung windows with transoms on the first floor in place of the entrance doors. The two end bays have two pairs of one-over-one double-hung windows with transoms on each floor. A classical metal cornice once ran the width of the facade, but has been removed.</p><br>
<p>The side facade facing St. Antoine also has five bays: a wide center bay with five pairs of one-over-one double-hung windows with transoms, two flanking bays with three pairs of one-over-one double-hung windows with transoms, and two end bays with two pairs of one-over-one double-hung windows with transoms. Brick piers with limestone banding separate the windows. The elevations that do not face the street are red brick with limestone sills, pierced by similar one-over-one double-hung windows.</p><br>
<p>Inside the building, the main entrance has a white tile floor containing green tiles spelling, "Kirby Center" and green-and-yellow tile wainscoting. The interior hallways have terrazzo floors, plaster walls, and acoustic ceiling tile. Classrooms open onto the hall through wood-and-glass doors with transoms; many rooms retain the original wood floors, wood trim, and plaster walls. A dining hall on the first floor is not original. An auditorium and associated coat room, bar area, and restrooms are on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The Sonneberg, also called the Buchberg, is a hill in the Lusatian Highlands of eastern Germany with a height of 401.0 m above sea level . It is the fourth highest hill in the borough of Neusalza-Spremberg in Saxony, after the Fuchsberg  and Hahneberg  and an unnamed peak about 600 metres north of the Sonneberg .</p><br>
<h2>Location and name</h2><br>
<p>The Sonneberg lies about 500 metres southwest of the village of the same name in a forested area near the Czech border that is also called the Grenzwald ("border forest"). The new settlers of the village of Spremberg probably called the hill the Sonnebereg or Berg der Sonne ("hill of the sun"), because the sun in this neck of the woods went down late in the day over the treetops in the west. Its alternative name of Buchberg is derived from Buche ("beech tree") because beeches are the dominant species in the forest to this day. Formerly the hill was also called the Wauersberg after its owner, Wauer, a Sonneberg farmer. On old maps it is already called the Sonneberg, after which the village that emerged in 1800 was named and which has since become the present-day town of Neusalza-Spremberg.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and geography</h2><br>
<p>The Sonneberg is one of the highest elevations in the aforementioned 15 hectare woodland. The densely forested hill has a flattened summit on which individual blocks of granodiorite lie. Its peak is formed of nepheline basalt and is thus a geological feature in the Neusalza-Spremberg region. An old quarry on the higher elevation to the north on the northeastern slopes clearly shows the columns of nephiline basalt that were formed as the lava solidified. These emerged millions of years ago in the geological formations of the Tertiary period and record that volcanic processes took place here. The deep quarry, which is filled with water, resembles a crater lake.</p><br>
<p>The Sonneberg towers like a spur over the village of Sonneberg in the western valley hollo of the borough – formerly Spremberger Niederdorf - which is crossed by the Dresden-Zittau railway line. In a western direction the forest of the Sonneberg transitions seamlessly into the woods that once belonged to the Czech village of Fugau that no longer exists. In pre-Reformation times this woodland was also called the Spremberg Forest (Spremberger Wald). On the loam soils of the Sonneberg foothills the ground is waterlogged in places. Several streams collect together here into the so-called Sonnebergwasser, also called the Teichflössel, which feeds several fish ponds at Neuspremberg as well as the forest swimming pool of the town. A field track from the western side of Neusalza-Spremberg leads over a railway bridge and adjacent pastureland to the Sonneberg.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Walter Heinich: Spremberg. Versuch zu einer Ortsgeschichte des Kirchdorfes Spremberg in der sächsischen Oberlausitz. Schirgiswalde/Spremberg 1918.</p><br>
<p>Lutz Mohr: Historischer Abriss der Stadt Neusalza-Spremberg in der Oberlausitz. Von den Anfängen bis zum Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. Greifswald u. Neusalza-Spremberg 1976/77 (manuscript, copy).</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Taufichtig is a 1,001 metre high peak northwest of the Fichtelberg massif in the upper Ore Mountains in Germany.</p><br>
<h2>Location and area</h2><br>
<p>The summit is the northwestern spur of the Ore Mountain plateau and barely rises above it (only about 9 metres). Nevertheless it drops away to the northeast into the valley of the Große Mittweida by around 250 metres. On this slope is the Taufichtig nature reserve named after it. In the vicinity of the Taufichtig is the abandoned village of Erbendorf.</p><br>
<h2>Routes to the top</h2><br>
<p>The mountaintop may be reached over the yellow signposted hiking trail from Crottendorf to Tellerhäuser which touches the summit and makes the nature reserve accessible to walkers. There are other, smaller paths around the summit to the side of the main hiking routes.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Kohlhaukuppe is a 786 metre high mountain in the Eastern Ore Mountains near Geising not far from the border with the Czech Republic.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In older documents the mountain was just called Kuppe or Koppe which means "dome-shaped hill". When, in 1889, the House of Wettin celebrated its 800th anniversary and numerous festive events were held in the Kingdom of Saxony, the mountain was renamed the Wettinhöhe ("Wetten Heights") and a nine metre high, iron observation tower was built on the summit. It was inaugurated on 16 June 1889.</p><br>
<p>Next to the tower a bowery wooden building was erected as a restaurant. The mountain inn was only open in summer. After the business ground to a halt during the First World War, a new building with a massive cellar was built after the war&#39;s end that stood until 1933. In that year the mountain guesthouse was demolished at the behest of a customs inspector (Zollkommissar), because inter alia illegal leaflets had been distributed here.</p><br>
<p>After the Second World War the name Wettinhöhe was discontinued and the mountain was given its current name. In 1952 work began on rebuilding the inn. At the same time the tower was raised by 2 metres. This tower stood until 1995 and was then replaced by a steel design, that was similar to the original tower.</p><br>
<p>The inn has been open again since 1993. It holds evenings of "Myths and Magic" (Sagen und Magie). Because of the garlic dishes on the menu, the mountain is also known locally as the Knoblauchkuppe ("garlic dome").</p><br>
<h2>Routes to the summit</h2><br>
<p>There is no direct access for private cars, the nearest option is pay car park by the Hüttenteich pond in Geising. From there two well-signed hiking trails run to the summit, either along the road or up a steeper, but shorter option uphill from the Anton Günther Stein.</p><br>
<h2>Views</h2><br>
<p>To the north: Geising, to its left the Geisingberg, to its right the Wilisch</p><br>
<p>To the east: the Spitzberg, right: Hoher Schneeberg</p><br>
<p>To the southwest: Zinnwald</p><br>
<p>To the northwest: Altenberg</p><br>
<p>To the southeast: Vorderzinnwald, behind it the Mückentürmchen on the Bohemian side.</p><br>
<p>The John H. Morgan Surrender Site is the place where, during the American Civil War, Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan, the leader of Confederate troops responsible for Morgan&#39;s Raid, surrendered to Union troops following the Battle of Salineville. The site is located at a crossroads between the villages of Gavers and West Point in Columbiana County, Ohio, about 60 miles northwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 23, 1973 for its military significance.</p><br>
<p>Morgan reportedly surrendered under what was called the "Surrender Tree". The location was at the northernmost point in which a Confederate command pierced Northern territory during the Civil War, except for the St. Albans Raid in Vermont.</p><br>
<h2>Morgan's Raid</h2><br>
<p>In June 1863, Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan took command of a force of 2500 Confederate men in Kentucky. The purpose of the detachment was to recruit volunteers from the border state and to provide a distraction for Union General Ambrose Burnside who was planning an invasion of Tennessee. Morgan&#39;s superior, General Braxton Bragg, specifically ordered Morgan not to cross the Ohio river into Union territory.</p><br>
<p>Morgan disobeyed his orders and, from June 11 to July 26, 1863, his troops conducted the Raid in an area that ranged from Tennessee to northern Ohio. Morgan ransacked the countryside and disrupted telegraph and railroad lines as he moved north.</p><br>
<p>In Columbiana County, fears increased as Morgan&#39;s Raid approached. There were exaggerated reports that his force numbered as many as 10,000 men. The day before the surrender, residents of New Lisbon, Ohio, mobilized when they heard that Morgan was in Salineville in Columbiana County.</p><br>
<p>The final armed engagement of the Raid occurred around 8 a.m. July 26 near the border of Carroll, Columbiana and Jefferson counties.</p><br>
<p>As Morgan&#39;s troops approached, the New Lisbon militia dragged an old cannon from the Mexican War to block the road to town from the south.</p><br>
<p>At around 11 a.m., word reached town that the rebels had routed the militia and were coming into the town. Though the report was false, the militia members at the cannon allowed Morgan&#39;s army to pass unchallenged because they were afraid to engage them.</p><br>
<h2>Morgan's Surrender</h2><br>
<p>Morgan encountered Capt. James Burbeck, one of Lisbons militia commanders, along the road. Morgan convinced Burbeck to allow him to surrender his command provided Burbick promised to take the sick and wounded soldiers and allow Morgan and his officers to be paroled so they could return home to Kentucky. However, Rues troops gathered at Morgan&#39;s front and rear. Morgan sent a flag of truce with one of his officers to inform Rue that Morgan had already surrendered under favorable terms to Burbeck.</p><br>
<p>Rue replied that he did not know who Captain Burbeck was and demanded that Morgan surrender to him immediately.</p><br>
<p>An hour later, Gen. James Shackelford arrived and also talked surrender terms with Morgan. When informed of Burbick&#39;s parole of Morgan and his officers, Shackelford said it was "not only absurd and ridiculous, but unfair and illegal."</p><br>
<p>Until the end of his life, Shackleford took credit for capturing Morgan, since Rue was under his command. Rue also continued to take credit.</p><br>
<p>Morgan and more than 60 of his officers were imprisoned in the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus. On the night of Nov. 27, 1863, Morgan and six others escaped from the prison, with a plan originated by Thomas Hines.</p><br>
<p>The Hirschenstein is a mountain in the Saxon Ore Mountains. It lies about 4 kilometres west of Schneeberg. On the summit is an historic trig point set up as part of the Royal Saxon Triangulation Network.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Even before it was settled by Franks the summit was known to the Sorbs who called it the Recma. In 1864 state surveyors erected a granite column at the top with the inscription "Hirschenstein Station of the Royal Saxon Survey" (Station Hirschenstein der königlich-sächsischen Triangulation).</p><br>
<p>In the years 1940/41 a 60 metre high wooden tower was erected over the survey point, which was also used as an observation tower. However just 10 years later the stability of the tower could no longer be guaranteed and it was taken down.</p><br>
<p>In 1964 the Hartmannsdorf Forest (Hartmannsdorfer Wald) that surrounded the summit became a military out-of-bounds zone. No until the disbandment of the Schneeberg mountain infantry battalion in March 2008 did the 1,600 hectare area of woodland become accessible again.</p><br>
<p>The Hirschenstein is the highest point in the district of Zwickau.</p><br>
<p>The Travelers Hotel, in East Liverpool, Ohio, was built in 1907 and had 105 rooms. Located at 117 East Fourth Street, on the banks of the Ohio River, it is one of the few remaining river town hotels that faces the river. The original name of the hotel is the Landora.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel, which opened in 1908, was designed by Cassius Metsch, a local architect who also designed the YMCA building in East Liverpool. The hotel&#39;s entrance was originally on the corner of Crook Alley and East Fourth Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1910, a banquet room and kitchen were added. A rear wing of the building was added in 1915. In 1927, a kitchen and the Jigger room were constructed. The hotel also maintained a "Sample Room". In this area, traveling salesmen could display samples of their products. The Sample Room is now a small banquet room.</p><br>
<h2>Notable guests</h2><br>
<p>The Ceramic Theater was across the street from the hotel and performers at the theater would often stay at the hotel while in town. The hotel hosted Blackstone the magician, Paul Whiteman, the Marine Band, and the Roger Wagner Chorale.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, during the hunt for Pretty Boy Floyd (who was killed in nearby Clarkson, Ohio), FBI Special Agent Melvin Purvis used the Travelers Hotel as his headquarters.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was renovated in the 1980s. As part of the historical renovation of the hotel, items from a number of local buildings were used. The lobby lights were from the Moore building and the brass door guards and handles were taken from the King-Ealls Hardware building.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in July 1986.</p><br>
<p>Bridge No. 5083-Marshall carries Minnesota State Highway 19 over the Redwood River in Marshall, Minnesota, United States. It was built 1931 and is one of two bridges on the historic register in the city. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Bridge No. 5083 was completed at a cost of $23,277 in October 1931. This bridge is between a residential neighborhood on the south and the city&#39;s main park on the north. The bridge design is two 37 ft concrete-girder spans on a concrete substructure. Eight lines of girders support the concrete deck, which accommodates a 40 ft, bituminous-surfaced roadway and two concrete sidewalks bordered by ornamental, open-balustrade, metal railings with concrete posts. Each railing supports two metal light standards detailed in the Classical Revival Style.</p><br>
<p>Along with the nearby Bridge No. 5151-Marshall, it was nominated for being a rare surviving example of the ornamental urban highway bridges built in Minnesota before World War II.</p><br>
<p>The W Washington, D.C. is a historic hotel located at 515 15th Street NW  in downtown Washington, D.C. It opened in 1918 as the Hotel Washington. It is operated by W Hotels.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Designed by the architectural firm of Carrère and Hastings, the ten-story, Beaux-Arts hotel is the only commercial building designed by the firm in Washington, D.C. Construction of the Hotel Washington was completed in 1918. The facade features cream colored sgraffito decoration on a reddish-brown ground.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Washington was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1995; in addition, the building is a contributing property to the Fifteenth Street Financial Historic District, listed on the NRHP in 2006, and the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>Following an extensive renovation by Nakheel Properties, the owner of the building since 2006, the 317-room W Hotel opened in 2008, operated by Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was seen in the films Contact and The Firm. Its roof terrace figured in the movies The Godfather Part II and No Way Out. Frank Murphy and John Nance Garner lived there.</p><br>
<p>Woman&#39;s Club of White Plains, originally known as the Thomas H. Kerr residence, is a historic clubhouse located at White Plains, Westchester County, New York. It was built in 1910 as a residence and enlarged in 1932, after being acquired as a clubhouse for the Contemporary Club. McKim, Mead and  White were the architects of this property, which originally had 41 acres, including a small farm and extensive orchards. It is a two story, stuccoed, poured concrete building in the Italian Renaissance Revival style. It features a broad hipped roof, deep overhanging eaves, and prominent brick chimneys. It has large glass-enclosed porches at each end of the house.</p><br>
<p>The murals in the dining room were shipped from a villa in the Mediterranean where they were hand painted in the late 1800s. These murals were hidden under shellac in the club living room until discovered and restored. The graciously appointed house reflects the style of its original era, complete with library, tea room, and period lighting fixtures. However, the edifice is constantly being updated, to keep current in this 21st century. Maintenance of its gardens is overseen by club members.</p><br>
<p>The residence has hosted notable speakers on its stage, including</p><br>
<p>In 1913, American Homes and Gardens magazine said, "It would be difficult to imagine a country home of greater beauty and refinement than this beautiful place."</p><br>
<p>Because the Woman&#39;s Club was a unique and integral part of its community, and because of its exceptionally well-preserved architecture, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Bird Homestead, also known as the Bouton-Bird-Erikson Homestead, is a historic home and farm complex located in Rye, Westchester County, New York. The property is situated on Blind Brook estuary, off the Long Island Sound. The property is adjacent to the Rye Meeting House. The main part of the house was built in 1835, and is a two-story, three-bay wide frame building in the Greek Revival style. It sits on a brick foundation and has a low-pitched, side gable roof. It features a one-story, full-width, front porch. Also on the property are a contributing two-story barn built in the 1880s and a long, one-story outbuilding.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The home was owned by five generations of the Bouton-Bird-Erickson family for over 150 years. Henry Bird was renowned entomologist; his sons Roland and Junius were pioneers in the fields of paleontology and archaeology, respectively. Many of their discoveries can be seen at the American Museum of Natural History. Henry’s daughter Alice Bird Erikson was an accomplished nature illustrator while Doris Bird spent more than forty years as the children’s librarian at the Rye Free Reading Room.</p><br>
<p>The Westbrook College Historic District is a historic district in the Deering neighborhood of Portland, Maine. It is centered on the campus of the former Westbrook College, founded in 1831 as the nation&#39;s first coeducational boarding school. The college merged with the University of New England in 1996. The district, which includes six buildings constructed between 1833 and 1952, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Westbrook Seminary was chartered in 1831, and opened its doors in 1834. Founded by Universalists, it was always a non-sectarian coeducational boarding school. The place where it is located was originally part of the city of Westbrook, was later split off as Deering, and was then later annexed to Portland. The school changed its name to Westbrook Junior College in 1933, and Westbrook College in 1974. In 1996 the school merged with the University of New England in Biddeford, and began operating, under its 1831 charter, with the UNE name at both campuses.</p><br>
<p>The Westbrook College Historic District encompasses the historic core of the Westbrook College campus. It is bounded on the east by Stevens Avenue, and on the north by College Avenue; the latter is part of the circulation road of the campus. To the south of College Avenue is the campus&#39;s main quadrangle, which is lined to its south and west by historic buildings. They are described below, organized in a clockwise direction beginning at Stevens Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Ludcke Auditorium is a wood frame Gothic Revival building, constructed in 1867 as a Universalist church to a design by Portland architect Francis H. Fassett. The building served as the Westbrook College Library in the 20th century. Goddard Hall and Hersey Hall, which stand west of (behind) Ludcke Auditorium, are both four-story Italianate brick buildings built in 1857 and 1869, respectively. Now connected to the western end of Hersey Hall is Proctor Hall, a 1952 Colonial Revival brick building. North of Proctor stands Alumni Hall, which is the original 1833 Westbrook Seminary building. Just to its north is the former MacArthur Gymnasium, a 1900 Colonial Revival building designed by Fassett and his son Edward. MacArthur was adapted as part of UNE&#39;s Abplanalp Library, which includes a modern wing to the rear, by which it is joined to Alumni Hall.</p><br>
<p>The Hoher Hagen is a volcanic hill that is still high today, in the Dransfeld Municipal Forest, in the German district of Göttingen in South Lower Saxony.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The hill, which is located south of Dransfeld, is the highest point in the Dransfeld region by a long way. It lies within the Dransfeld Municipal Forest, a hill massif in the Münden Nature Park that is about halfway between Göttingen to the northeast and Hann. Münden to the southwest.</p><br>
<h3>Gauß Tower</h3><br>
<p>On top of the Hoher Hagen stands the Gauß Tower, a 51 metre high observation tower at.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Rehkop, Friedel: Stadt Dransfeld. Ein geschichtlicher Rückblick vom 19. Jahrhundert bis zur Frühzeit. Vol. 1. Horb am Neckar: Geiger-Verlag, 1999. S.196-200,352-360,387-397.</p><br>
<p>The Mackenröder Spitze, at about, is the highest hill in the Göttingen Forest and lies on the boundary of the town and district of Göttingen, in South Lower Saxony in Germany.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The heavily forested hill is located on the eastern escarpment of the Göttingen Forest, a southern part of the Leine Uplands, about 8 km east of the Göttingen town centre and just under 1 kilometre northwest of Mackenrode, a village in the southwest of the municipality of Landolfshausen. From Göttingen (e.g. the borough of Herberhausen), the Mackenröder Spitze can be ascended by a hike through forest on gently sloping terrain. Coming from Mackenrode or Waake, the hill may be reached via short and steep ascents.</p><br>
<h2>Harzblick observation tower</h2><br>
<p>Just under 400 metres north of the Mackenröder Spitze and about 1.6 kilometres northwest of Mackenrode stands the Harzblick observation tower at a height of 425 metres. The tower used to stand next to the forest inn at the summit of the Mackenröder Spitze, but due to the construction of a military base in the 1970s it was moved to its present location.</p><br>
<p>From its viewing platform there are good long-distance views. To the northeast the Harz Mountains and their highest peak, the Brocken, may be seen; to the east is Untereichsfeld and the Seeburger See, southeast are the Ohm Hills, looking south the Hoher Meißner can be seen beyond Die Gleichen, to the southwest lies the Kaufungen Forest, west-southwest is the Gauß Tower on the Hoher Hagen in the Dransfeld Municipal Forest, and to the northwest is the Solling.</p><br>
<p>The Mary A. Patterson Memorial building was built in 1924 by East Liverpool, Ohio industrialist Monroe Patterson as a memorial to his late wife, Mary Patterson. The structure was a home for working women from 1932 until 1984. It is now part of Kent State University and functions as a learning center featuring a community room and an art gallery.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 14, 1985</p><br>
<h2>Monroe Patterson</h2><br>
<p>Monroe Patterson came to East Liverpool from Ironton where he was in the general contracting business. After arriving, Mr. Patterson along with his brother-in-law, Phillip Morley opened a foundry. At first the foundry manufactured light equipment and serviced the potteries and other clay industries.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Patterson married Mary A. Thompson of Smith&#39;s Ferry, Pa. in September 1883. The couple had two children but both died in infancy. Mr. and Mrs. Patterson were generous benefactors to many different activities in the community. Often their-donations were anonymous.</p><br>
<p>After the sudden death of his wife in 1921, Monroe decided to build a good Christian home for working girls that would serve the needs of the community and would also be a fitting memorial to his wife.</p><br>
<p>Articles of Incorporation were drawn up for the Mary A. Patterson Memorial Christian Home Association. Monroe supervised the initial stages of the construction himself. However, he died in 1924 before the work was completed.</p><br>
<p>The shell of the building was completed in 1925 but the interior was not finished till 1932 after many delays and problems in the construction.</p><br>
<p>The building was erected at a cost of $315,000. It is 84 feet by 124 feet. The white tiled swimming pool in the basement is 60 feet by 22 feet.</p><br>
<p>In 1932 forty bedrooms, the lounge, and two small writing rooms were furnished, and the home was opened to the public. The first executive secretary received a monthly salary of $60.00. The first swimming instructor was paid $12.50 a week. A fee of 25 cents per person was charged for using the pool with an additional seven cents for a towel and one cent for soap. For several years there was a dining room on the lower floor.</p><br>
<p>By 1952 there were 116 furnished rooms, a lounge, and an auditorium. Many organizations in the community used the auditorium for meetings, receptions and recitals. The Red Cross and the Columbiana County Motor Club both held office space on the first floor for many years.</p><br>
<p>As more apartments in the community became available for women, and the building became older and less attractive and less equipped to meet the need of young people, the occupancy rate began to go down. Many of the retired women were able to move to senior housing. The cost of repairs and renovation was much too high for the board to handle and the trustees of the building realized that they could not keep the building open. The building closed in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Kent State University</h2><br>
<p>After the building had been closed for one year, it reverted to the Patterson heirs. The Mary Patterson Building was purchased by the Friends of the East Liverpool Campus (of Kent State University) in 1989 and was partially renovated in 1993. In 1996, $956,000 was raised from the community to transform the building into a state-of-the-art learning center. In addition to the private donations, Kent State University and the State of Ohio contributed a total of $2 million in additional funds to complete the project. The building was re-opened in May 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Sandy Island and Low Rock Important Bird Area comprises two small islands with a collective area of 9 ha lying at the western end of the Gulf of Carpentaria in the Northern Territory of Australia. They lie south-west of Groote Eylandt off the coast of Arnhem Land, with the nearest settlement there the Numbulwar community. They are important as breeding sites for terns.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Sandy Island consists of three islets, connected by strips of sand and exposed reef at low tide, about 20 km from the mainland. The central island, vegetated with grass, vines and shrubs, supports the main colony. Low Rock is a sand, coral rubble and rock island 25 km away, and about 30 km from the mainland; it is surrounded by a reef and has a central stand of mangroves. Both islands are traditionally owned Aboriginal land. Sea turtles nest on the islands&#39; beaches.</p><br>
<h2>Birds</h2><br>
<p>The islands have been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because they support over 1% of the world population of roseate terns, as well as a large breeding colony of greater crested terns, with up to about 10,000 birds of each species recorded. The greater crested terns nest mainly on Sandy Island, with small numbers of silver gulls. As well as roseate terns, birds recorded as nesting on Low Rock include pied cormorants (150), and bridled (1000), black-naped (800) and lesser crested (440) terns.</p><br>
<p>Sandy Island is a 20 ha island lying about 5 km off the coast of Windy Harbour in south-west Western Australia. It is part of D&#39;Entrecasteaux National Park and is an important breeding site for seabirds.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The island is aligned north-west to south-east, about 800 m long by 300 m wide, flat and mainly sandy. There is an area of limestone and unconsolidated dune at the north-western end. The southern coastline is composed of migmatitic rocks. Most of the island is vegetated with Poa tussock grassland, pigface and Lobelia anceps. Some 46 plant species have been recorded. It should not be confused with the non-existent Sandy Island, which many maps show as being between Queensland and New Caledonia.</p><br>
<h2>Birds</h2><br>
<p>The island has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports a high proportion of the nesting population of flesh-footed shearwaters (with up to 300,000 breeding pairs) and has supported relatively high numbers of breeding fairy terns. Other birds recorded breeding on the island are little shearwaters, sooty oystercatchers and silver gulls.</p><br>
<p>The Lockkeeper&#39;s House, C & O Canal Extension is an historic building at the eastern terminus of the C & O Canal.</p><br>
<p>It is located near Constitution Gardens on the National Mall, near the southwest corner of 17th Street, and Constitution Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The C & O canal was extended between 1832 and 1833, to connect to the Washington City Canal.</p><br>
<p>The house was abandoned in 1855, and fell into disrepair. In 1903, the building was partially renovated, and used as Park Police headquarters.</p><br>
<p>It was relocated West in 1915 retaining the original East-West orientation parallel to the C & O Canal (later replaced by Constitution Avenue NW). However, significant changes were made to the structure at the time with the removal of the original brick chimneys and their replacement with shorter stone chimneys.</p><br>
<p>On July 4, 1928, a plaque was erected by the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks.</p><br>
<p>In 1940, the first floor of the building was used as rest rooms then used as storage.</p><br>
<p>As of 2017, plans are under way to move the structure West and away from the street while retaining the East-West orientation. It will be renovated into a space for visitors to learn about the history of the structure as part of Phase I of the Rehabilitation of Constitution Gardens by the National Park Service. The plan is to restore the exterior back to its pre-1915 modifications (brick chimneys) to its 1800s original appearance.</p><br>
<h2>Pictures</h2><br>
<p>1934-35</p><br>
<p>2009</p><br>
<p>The Sun Building  is an historic building, located at 1317 F Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Downtown Washington, D.C. neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was designed by Alfred B. Mullett and constructed from 1885 to 1887, by John H. Howlett.</p><br>
<p>It was built for the Washington Bureau of the Baltimore Sun.</p><br>
<p>The nine story building was served by steam elevators, which were replaced by hydraulics in 1909, and electric elevators in 1922. It was altered, in 1904 by B. Stanley Simmons for the American Bank.</p><br>
<p>In 1907, the ninth story was added as the Interstate Commerce Commission Hearing Room.</p><br>
<p>Tenants included the Interstate Commerce Commission, Woodrow Wilson&#39;s law firm, Daniel C. Roper, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.</p><br>
<p>The Sun Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 27, 1985. Its 2009 property value is $13,931,970.</p><br>
<p>Kladas  is a small village which is located about 5 kilometers north of the town of Sparti and belongs to the municipality of Sparti. Its population was 376 inhabitants  and rose to 476 inhabitants  after the expansion of the village. It is a place to visit on the way to Sparti, Elafonisos, Skoutari or Kythera.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There is no exact written date of the arrival of the first inhabitants of Kladas from nearby villages such as Vamvakou (Greek Βαμβακού), Voutianii (Greek Βουτιάνοι), Kalivia (Greek Καλύβια), Vresthena (Greek Βρέσθενα) and from the town of Sparta. All that is known is that the establishment of the Kladas community happened on 31 August 1912 according to Ioannis Kapodistrias self-government plan. However, 85 years later – on 04/12 1997 – the Kladas community incorporated to the expanded municipality of Sparti.</p><br>
<h2>Everyday life and local economy</h2><br>
<p>Most inhabitants of the village are growers or breeders and that is the way they make a living. Olive trees are the most common cultivation at cropped lands around the village or around neighboring villages mainly in Theologos (Greek Θεολόγος). Also the people grow tomatoes, pumpkins and other vegetables in their household garden.</p><br>
<p>The village has two coffee shops, one coffee shop - tavern and one restaurant for the travelers -on the national road which connects Athens with Sparti- where the inhabitants but also the visitors gather, relax or discuss about the most recent news. Kladas has also a car station and a factory which packs products that come from the olives but there aren&#39;t any commercial stores.</p><br>
<h2>Eco-lifestyle</h2><br>
<p>The inhabitants year by year are turning to ecologists. Several crops are now Biological with ISO certification and also certified by the European Union so the local agricultural products are equal to biological products from other European countries such as the Netherlands concerning quality. Another aspect of the eco-lifestyle is the fact that people use bicycles for their own transportation so not only they gain a clean place to live concerning the air quality but also there is no noise caused by automobiles. Finally, there is a recycling point outside the elementary school of Kladas</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure in modern times</h2><br>
<p>The village has been modernized in aspects like:</p><br>
<p>The municipal waste management after the extension of the sewerage network of Sparta because the operation of the Technological Institute of Sparta (Τ.Ε.Ι. Σπάρτης) in 2005–2006</p><br>
<p>The upgrade of the telephone network that allowed the broadband connections</p><br>
<p>The construction of the ring road of Kladas drove to the construction of new residential and rental properties.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the New National Road which connects Athens with Sparti makes Kladas an interchange between Sparti, the nearby villages and Athens (still under construction).</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate of Kladas is temperate Mediterranean and this is also a result of the geological factors such us the elevation (240 meters) but also the fact that the village is situated between mountain Parnonas and mountain Taygetos. The average yearly temperature is + 19 °C and the average yearly amount of rain is 600 mm, the average nebulousness is 4 and the average wind power is 4 Beaufort. In the Fall and in the Winter, fog and ice are common phenomena but the snowstorms aren&#39;t that common and they mostly have a duration less than four days.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>The village has an elementary school for the students of the 3rd and the 4th grades. The rest grades are in Aphision also known as Aphisou (Greek: Αφίσιον/Αφισού and in Kokkinorachi (Greek: Κοκκινόραχη) according to the new administrative plan of the Greek Ministry of Education which has been applied since 1997 after the expansion of the municipality of Sparti which included the community of Kladas and other villages in its own wider area as the northern suburbs. The Junior High School and the Senior High School of Sparti are located within the main city of Sparti. The students are being transferred to their schools with the local community bus (ΚΤΕΛ) under the auspices of the Greek State.</p><br>
<p>Also there is a hill that belongs to the region of Kladas where is situated the Thechnolgical Educational Institute of Sparti (Greek: Τ.Ε.Ι. Σπάρτης) that supports the department of Technology, Informatics and Telecommunications. According to ΦΕΚ 189/14-10-2004/Τ.Α´/ΠΔ 211 the operation occurred in the academic year 2005-2006. The goal of the T.E.I. of Sparti is the scientific and technological development in the fields of Information Technology and Telecommunications because it&#39;s essential to meet the needs arising in all areas of productive procedure.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Kladas or Sparti can be reached by car, taxi or the regional bus (check out the website of KTEL Lakonias to book tickets in advance http://ktel-lakonias.gr/)</p><br>
<p>Browne&#39;s Hospital is a medieval almshouse in Stamford, Lincolnshire, England. It was founded in 1485 by wealthy wool merchant William Browne to provide a home and a house of prayer for twelve poor men and two poor women.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hospital, Bedehouse or Domus Dei was established as a home and a house of prayer for ten poor men and two poor women, with a Warden and Confrater, both of whom were to be secular priests. The statutes required attendance at chapel twice daily, where masses for the repose of the souls of the Founders were said. A new charter was granted by James I in 1610.</p><br>
<p>The Hospital was richly endowed with property and agricultural land in the neighbourhood. Some of the funds were appropriated by Act of Parliament in 1871 for the foundation of Stamford High School and the further endowment of Stamford School. The endowment is commemorated in the name of a Stamford School house.</p><br>
<p>The Hospital is today home to twelve residents. The Victorian cottages around the courtyard garden were updated in 1963 to flats, each with a living room, bedroom, kitchen and bathroom. It is a Registered Charity and is managed by a board of governors and trustees. The Hospital is opened to the public at weekends and bank holidays during the summer. Visitors may see the Common Room where the men lived, the Chapel with its original stained-glass, the Audit Room and the Confraters Sitting Room, all with original furnishings. The adjacent Wardens House, built c. 1870 to the designs of James Fowler, is separately listed as Grade II. It is now rented for office use.</p><br>
<p>Williams Fork Reservoir, located near the town of Parshall in Grand County, Colorado, is owned and operated by Denver Water. The reservoir impounds the Williams Fork of the Colorado River.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>When the reservoir is full, its elevation is 7,811 ft. With a 15.8 mi shoreline, the reservoir&#39;s surface area is 1,860 acres.</p><br>
<h2>Williams Fork Dam and Power Plant</h2><br>
<p>The Williams Fork Dam and Power Plant, completed in 1959, provides electricity and water to the Western Slope or Denver metropolitan area in Colorado. It&#39;s a concrete dam, 217 feet high and with a length of 600 feet at its crest. The reservoir impounds about 97,000 acre feet of water (one acre foot=325,851 gallons), and the power plant contains a 3,158-kilowatt generator.</p><br>
<h2>Recreactional Activities</h2><br>
<p>Water based activities include motor boating, fishing, ice fishing and wind surfing. The lake is stocked for fishing by the Colorado Division of Wildlife. Tent, trailer and recreational vehicle (RV) camping and picnic sites are available.</p><br>
<p>Melville Island is a small peninsula in Nova Scotia, Canada, located in the Northwest Arm of Halifax Harbour, west of Deadman&#39;s Island. It is part of the Halifax Regional Municipality. The land is rocky, with thin, acidic soil, but supports a limited woodland habitat.</p><br>
<p>The site was discovered by Europeans in the 17th century, though it was likely earlier explored by aboriginals. It was initially used for storehouses before being purchased by the British, who built a prisoner-of-war camp to hold captives from the Napoleonic Wars and later the War of 1812. The burial ground for prisoners was on the adjacent Deadman&#39;s Island.</p><br>
<p>Later, Melville Island was used as a receiving depot for black refugees escaping slavery in the United States, then as a quarantine hospital for immigrants arriving from Europe (particularly Ireland). It briefly served as a recruitment centre for the British Foreign Legion during the Crimean War, and was then sold to the British for use as a military prison. In 1907 the land was granted to the Canadian government, which used it to detain German and Austro-Hungarian nationals during the First World War. During the Second World War, prisoners were sent to McNabs Island instead, and ammunition depots were kept on Melville Island.</p><br>
<p>The peninsula now houses the clubhouse and marina of the Armdale Yacht Club. Melville Island has been the subject of a number of cultural works, most of which concern its use as a prison.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Melville Island is part of the Halifax Regional Municipality, on the southeast coast of Nova Scotia. The peninsula lies on the eastern boundary of Melville Cove in the Northwest Arm, an inlet between the Halifax Peninsula and Mainland Halifax.</p><br>
<p>The water surrounding Melville Island is salty and ranges from 15 &deg;C in summer to partially or completely frozen in winter. The water is polluted by sewage discharges from Halifax and is considered heavily contaminated. Water colour ranges from olive brown to greenish black, with little current. The water depth around Melville Island is 4.5 to 10.5 m.</p><br>
<p>The peninsula features thin and acidic soil, and hosts plants like witherod, Indian pear, Labrador tea, wintergreen, and blueberry shrubs. It is a woodland area, with birch, tamarack, maple, oak, beech, and white pine trees. Given the development of the land by the Armdale Yacht Club, plant growth is now largely limited to the hill on which the main clubhouse sits; most of the peninsula was paved in 1971. Fish caught from Melville Island include cod and mackerel. Local birds include grebes, loons, and alcids.</p><br>
<p>There is no weather monitoring station on Melville Island (the closest is the Halifax dockyards); however, as with most of the surrounding area, Melville has a humid continental climate heavily influenced by the water temperature in Halifax Harbour. Average air temperatures range from −4.4 &deg;C in January to 18.9 &deg;C in August. It receives about 1,500 mm of precipitation per year, and may receive snow from October through April. Though the area is fairly sheltered, it is subject to damage from hurricanes and other storms, notably Hurricane Juan in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early use</h3><br>
<p>Though the Halifax area was settled by aboriginals, particularly the Mikmaq people, as early as 7000 BC, there is no archaeological evidence of native habitation on Melville Island prior to the arrival of the Europeans. The first Europeans to reach the land were likely French traders and missionaries in the 17th century. Halifax was founded by the British in 1749. The first documented use of Melville Island was by Robert Cowie and John Aubony, who obtained a Crown grant in 1752 to allow them to build a storehouse. After Cowies death in 1781, John Butler Kelly purchased what was then known as Cowies Island and quickly resold it in 1784 to James Kavanagh, the head of a prosperous family fishery, for £65. Kavanagh used the land, known as Kavanaghs Island according to the then-prevalent tradition of place naming, to dry and store fish that he would then sell from his Halifax store.</p><br>
<h3>French Revolutionary Wars</h3><br>
<p>After the 1793 beheading of Louis XVI sparked a war between Britain and France (see the French Revolutionary Wars), Nova Scotia Governor John Wentworth rented Kavanagh&#39;s Island to house 600 French prisoners that had been captured on St. Pierre and Miquelon. The commander of the Halifax garrison, Brigadier General James Ogilvie, objected to the plan, and instead housed the prisoners at Cornwallis Barracks in Halifax. Several prisoners were able to escape from the makeshift prison, and the rest were sent to Guernsey in June 1794.</p><br>
<p>In August 1794, a French ship captured in St. Domingo arrived in Halifax. A plan to house these prisoners in Halifax met with opposition from the citizenry because of a fear of "fever&quot indeed, surgeon John Halliburton suggested that if the plan was carried out, "the popular would burn down with the sick prisoners inside". Halliburton rented Kavanaghs Island, likely on the suggestion of Governor John Wentworth, and by June 1795 had sent 70 sick and wounded prisoners to its makeshift prison hospital. The other prisoners were kept on the La Felix prison ship. Sixteen soldiers of the Royal Nova Scotia Regiment acted as guards for the hospital beginning in 1796. Because of overcrowding aboard La Felix, some of its prisoners were allowed to live in Halifax, where some created such a disturbance that they were sent to Kavanaghs Island to be imprisoned. In 1801, the Treaty of Amiens resulted in most of the prisoners being returned to France, and the site was abandoned.</p><br>
<h3>Napoleonic Wars (1803–1811)</h3><br>
<p>The site was formally leased for prisoner housing in 1803 after fifteen French fishermen, three surgeons, and 188 seamen were brought to Halifax as prisoners during the Napoleonic Wars. Though many of these prisoners were later sent to England or Bermuda, one of the surgeons (Antoine Noel) was hired to care for the prisoners, while at least sixteen other prisoners were able to escape. Melville was purchased for £1000 in 1804 (£68,634 as of 2010) by Robert Murray, appointed by the British Admiralty as prison agent; he was replaced shortly thereafter by John MacKellar. At the time, the facility had a maximum capacity of 200 prisoners. The makeshift prison was noted for discipline problems.</p><br>
<p>The land was officially renamed Melville Island in late 1804 or early 1805 in honour of Henry Dundas, Viscount Melville (who at the time had just been appointed First Lord of the Admiralty). A wooden barracks-style military prison was constructed to house common prisoners, the cornerstone of which was laid in 1808 and is today preserved as a monument, while a multi-storey building was designed to hold officers. As no exchange system was established with the French, the prison quickly became overcrowded. Some Spanish prisoners were also housed in the prison at this time.</p><br>
<p>Upon their arrival on Melville, prisoners had their name and other details recorded in an entry book. Inmates were given yellow clothing that clearly identified them as prisoners of war, and were supplied with provisions of beef, bread, potatoes and salt from a local contractor "reputed to own most of the livestock in the region". Some officers were allowed to send trade goods to Halifax, or even work in the city as domestic servants or handymen. There were also prisoner-run shops and a "small town fair" on Melville Island, frequented by British officers and residents of Halifax. Other prisoner pursuits included prison lotteries, model shipbuilding, beer-brewing, fishing, and making molasses candy. Some prisoners were known to have pets or keep chickens.</p><br>
<p>In late 1805, a group of officers broke parole and escaped; this led the garrison captain to restrict the purchase of prisoner-made goods as a means of punishment and enforcing discipline. More serious punishments included flogging or being confined to a barred hole in the prison cellar, known as the "Black Hole", with only bread and water. One of the prisoners, Pierre Poulin, stabbed another to death in April 1805, and was tried and hanged for murder in Halifax. The prisoners also maintained their own Grand Council (Grand Conseil) with which to impose discipline, though with a different focus than the British: anyone who disclosed a planned escape attempt to the guards was subject to being stoned to death (though historian Brian Cuthbertson disputes the likelihood of this claim). Escapes and attempts were frequent, and attempted escapees were regarded "with high esteem" by the other prisoners. Before 1812, approximately 130 prisoners, including 25 officers, escaped, of whom only 11 were recaptured despite advertised rewards in local newspapers. Many others were either sent to prisons in England or the West Indies, or were released after pledging allegiance to the British Crown. Approximately 1535 French prisoners were incarcerated at Melville between 1803 and 1813, and an unknown number were held during Napoleon&#39;s Hundred Days. Sixty-six Frenchmen are known to have died in the prison, ten of whom were prisoners from the Hundred Days. Nine Spanish prisoners also died during this period.</p><br>
<h3>War of 1812</h3><br>
<p>The War of 1812 brought an influx of American prisoners to Melville Island; up to 1800 at a time were housed in its barracks or on a nearby 350-person prison ship, the Magnet. Most of the French prisoners were released or paroled to make room for the Americans, who were seen as more of a risk. David Stickney was the first recorded American prisoner, arriving on 4 July 1812. Early in the war, many Americans were exchanged for British prisoners in Boston or Salem, Massachusetts, in an arrangement known as a "cartel&quot 1981 of the captives taken before October 1812 were thus exchanged, while another seventeen, accused of killing a Canadian farmer and raping his wife, were sent to England and imprisoned. African-American captives were never considered for exchange, and were instead commonly released under the 1807 Abolition Act.</p><br>
<p>By the end of 1812, maps of the peninsula showed a marked increase in buildings: a two-story common prison, a small hospital, officers quarters, a gunners house, a turnkey store, fuel sheds, the agent&#39;s office and guard house, a bell house, nine sentry boxes, and four oceanside outhouses. Despite this, the facility was severely overcrowded, a problem compounded by attempts at segregating the remaining French prisoners and the few African-Americans from the majority white American population. 2078 prisoners were recorded by the end of 1812, including 1412 privateers and 572 merchant seamen. More than 3000 arrived over the next two years, including nearly 1000 soldiers captured in the Niagara area.</p><br>
<p>Accounts of prison life vary: Cuthbertson says that the prisoners were "reportedly well treated" but prisoner complaints suggested they were "wretched indeed". Because of the crowded conditions, "the authorities did everything they could to keep the prisoners quiet," including lying to them. Captured privateers were sent to England in large numbers "to harass and distress that description of prisoners". All letters sent to and by prisoners were read. Residents of the Melville prison barracks were lice-infested and slept in tier-hung hammocks (first three, and later four tiers), and their activities were more restricted than those of earlier French prisoners. A strict cleaning regimen was observed in an attempt to promote sanitary conditions, and prisoners could be sent to solitary confinement for uncleanliness. Rations were considered "robust": prisoners were given 1 lb each of bread and beef and a gill (0.1421 litres) of peas daily.</p><br>
<p>In October 1812, John Mitchell was appointed as an "American agent" to oversee the treatment of the American prisoners at Melville and to arrange prisoner exchanges. He gave the Americans coffee, sugar, potatoes, tobacco, newspapers, and soap, and also provided money for other purchases. Mitchell was responsible for buying clothing, but lacked the funds to meet demand: in late 1813, almost 1000 of the prisoners were shoeless, and many more had no jackets. Staff at the prison hospital attributed a tuberculosis outbreak to "want of comfortable clothing". Though Mitchell visited Melville Island regularly, he was primarily concerned with speaking to the officers, not the common prisoners. Mitchell was removed in October 1814 in retaliation for the treatment of the British prisoner agent, Thomas Barclay, by the United States government.</p><br>
<p>Despite the conditions in the prison, the Americans continued the French tradition of establishing shops within the prison. Goods sold included cigars and smuggled rum. Gambling was a popular pastime, particularly backgammon and other dice games, as well as dancing, singing, and storytelling. One prisoner was able to counterfeit Spanish coins, which found their way into the Halifax economy. On Sundays, church services were conducted and visitors were allowed, though many visiting Haligonians were United Empire Loyalists who came "to gratify their eyes... with sight of what they called rebels ".</p><br>
<p>The 320 American survivors of the capture of the USS Chesapeake in 1813 were interned on Melville Island and their ship, renamed the HMS Chesapeake, was used to ferry prisoners from Melville to Englands Dartmoor Prison. Many officers were paroled to Halifax, but some began a riot at a performance of a patriotic song about the Chesapeakes defeat. Parole restrictions were tightened: beginning in 1814, paroled officers were required to attend a monthly muster on Melville Island, and those who violated their parole were confined to the prison. After foiled escape plots in 1813 and 1814, fears of a mass escape led to increased security and a 600-prisoner transport to England. Around this time, Lieutenant William Miller, who had been in charge of the prisoners, was replaced by Captain J. Crochet; Miller had been noted for his rudeness, including one occasion when he told the prisoners to "die and be damned, as there is one hundred and fifty acres of land to bury you in, God damn you." He had also been accused of cruelty by American newspapers, though some prisoners defended him and the veracity of the media claims is questionable.</p><br>
<p>By the decommissioning, over 10,000 French, Spanish and American prisoners had been held at the prison. The majority were Americans: there were 8,148 recorded US prisoners, 3,542 of whom were privateers from the 92 such ships brought to Halifax.</p><br>
<p>Of the American prisoners held at on Melville Island during the war, 195 died, mostly from fevers and pneumonia &ndash; a death rate of two per cent. Prisoners at Melville Island had a lower death rate than most British soldiers serving at frontier posts in North American and the prisons conditions were better than many those endured by British prisoners in POW camps in the United States. Most of the French and American dead were buried on nearby Deadmans Island. James Brooke suggests a burial rate of one per week. The war ended in December 1814, but news of this did not reach Melville until March 1815, during which time about fifty prisoners died. The prisoners were released to "quit Halifax at their own expense", though some were able to find berths on trade ships. All but 120 had left by mid-April; most of those remaining were hospital patients, who were sent to the Naval Hospital in Halifax in early May. Melville Island was decommissioned in May 1815, and its goods, including 1,170 hammocks, were sold at auction in Halifax.</p><br>
<h3>Receiving depot</h3><br>
<p>After the decommissioning of the military prison, Melville Island was used as a receiving depot for some of the black refugees, the estimated 1600–2000 escaped slaves who arrived in Halifax between 1815 and 1818. In April 1815, seventy-six refugees were moved to Melville from the Halifax Poor House, many ill with smallpox. The refugees were given blankets, "colourful" clothing (often the uniforms of captured or demobilized soldiers), and childrens shoes. Rations included pork or beef, potatoes, rice, cornmeal, molasses, spruce beer (to prevent scurvy), and sometimes coffee. To discourage men from leaving their families at the depot as they worked in Halifax, rations were only given to heads of families. Thomas Jeffery was granted a salary of £1500 (£86,655 as of 2010) for administering the depot. Eighty-two refugees died during the smallpox outbreak, and 500 were vaccinated to prevent the further spread of the disease. An increasing number passed through Melville Island on their way to Canadian settlements: between 727 and 798 are recorded from April to July 1815. Most of these found work in Halifax or moved to land grants, but some returned the following winter "when in distress". At least 107 of these refugees died on Melville Island. The provinces lieutenant-governor ordered that the refugees be moved to Preston or Halifax in May 1816, and put the land up for lease to "a person of unexceptionable character", but no lease is recorded during this period. The hospital was officially closed in June 1816.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1818, Melville Island was used as a quarantine hospital for ill immigrants arriving in Nova Scotia. The hospital was operational for short periods in 1818, 1831, and 1846. By 1829, ten buildings were left on Melville Island, all "in a state of neglect and decay". In 1831, three doctors (Matthias Hoffman, Samuel Head and John Stirling) were paid £30 each (£2125 as of 2010) to care for patients at the quarantine hospital; a nurse later arrived as Matron, bringing with her two teenaged children. In 1847, over 1200 Irish immigrants fleeing the Irish Potato Famine were ordered quarantined on Melville Island by the Board of Health; of these, 203 were held in the "fever hospital", and 30 died. Typhus victims were also held at Melville, during which time the medical staff were not allowed to leave for fear of spreading the infection.</p><br>
<p>Diseases encountered among the immigrants included smallpox, typhus, and yellow fever. There were 37 recorded deaths.</p><br>
<h3>British Army</h3><br>
<p>In 1855, Nova Scotia politician Joseph Howe developed a plan to use Melville Island as a recruitment and training centre for American soldiers to fight for the British in the Crimean War. US neutrality laws prevented Americans from participating in overseas wars, so recruiters sent to the US advertised for men to work on the Nova Scotia Railway, and faced arrest if their true purpose was discovered. Upon arrival in Halifax, the men were sent to Melville Island for enlistment and basic training. The first group of 66 men arrived on 6 April 1855, but all refused to join the British Foreign Legion. However, by the end of May there were 71 newly recruited soldiers on the peninsula, and up to 158 total had enlisted. American discontent with the project forced its abandonment in June; the Melville Island depot closed, and the recruits were sent first to Halifax and then to England. Overall the recruitment project enlisted between 500 and 700 men, mostly German and Irish nationals.</p><br>
<p>After the recruitment project ended, the Admiralty sold the land to the British army for £2800 (£204,081 as of 2010) for use as a military prison. The first 70 prisoners arrived in 1856. At this time, flogging was gradually being phased out as a punishment for military members, who were instead imprisoned under the Mutiny Act of 1844; the purchase of Melville Island allowed these prisoners to be removed from the overcrowded Halifax Citadel. A 22-man military guard supervised the prisoners, who were subjected to hard labour: the chief warder imported 500 t of granite from Purcell&#39;s Cove for them to break. Punishments included solitary confinement or "shot drill", where an inmate was made to carry 24 lb cannonballs from one end of the yard to the other. A new 34-cell prison building was constructed in 1884 to alleviate overcrowding. There were some escape attempts during this period, the most violent of which involved the stone hammers used to break stone being repurposed as projectiles and weapons.</p><br>
<p>British officers from the Halifax garrison conducted inspections of the prison four times per year, and maintenance was carried out either by the prisoners themselves or by soldiers from the Halifax garrison. The prison also housed a schoolroom and chapel, both staffed by army personnel. A new stone prison was built before 1905 next to the older wooden barracks, as well as housing for warders and their families. The new building alleviated reported problems with lack of lighting and ventilation in the previous structure. In December of that year, the Canadian Permanent Force took over wardenship of the prison, at which time there were three remaining prisoners. The land was granted to the Canadian Government as the British left Nova Scotia in 1907. The name was changed in 1909 from "military prison" to "detention barracks", reflecting a shift in attitude towards incarcerated military personnel: inmates were known as detainees, not prisoners, and after their discharge from the military they maintained no permanent criminal record.</p><br>
<h3>First and Second World Wars</h3><br>
<p>When the First World War began in 1914, Canadian police were given the ability to detain German and Austro-Hungarian nationals, and incarcerate any who refused to agree not to support their homelands in the war. In September, a Spanish ship "Monserrat" carrying a large number (about 80)of men en route to Germany to report for military service was intercepted by the HMS Glory, which brought the ship to Halifax Harbour. Once there, the Germans aboard were taken to Melville Island with a garrison guard, interrogated, and imprisoned under the supervision of the detention barracks staff. Over the next several months, more German nationals were brought to Melville, detained either by British ships or by Canadian police forces. Escape attempts began in October, and a procedure to count prisoners twice daily was instituted in an attempt to prevent them. The anglophone guards often could not communicate with the prisoners or even pronounce their names, resorting to nicknames and complicating efforts in prisoner management. Repairs were made to the prison buildings after several inmates escaped by sawing a hole through the floor of the wooden barracks.</p><br>
<p>Initially there was no system in place to allow prisoners to send letters; censorship arrangements were made through the Dominion Police in Ottawa, and the American Consul was designated a representative for prisoner welfare. As the war progressed, groups of detainees were transferred to and from other prisons according to their behaviour or level of risk and the number of inmates per institution. After the 1917 Halifax Explosion, prisoners were transferred to the 800-man Amherst Internment Camp at Amherst, Nova Scotia. One of the prisoners transferred may have been Leon Trotsky, although this is disputed.</p><br>
<p>On 10 April 1935, a fire completely destroyed the old wooden prison barracks, so when the Second World War began in 1939, the remaining prisoners and guards were sent to McNab&#39;s Island. Melville Island was used first to confine deserters from the army, then from 1941 as a temporary storage facility for Canadian Army ammunition depots. When VE Day caused riots in downtown Halifax, there were rumours of a plan to break into the depots and deploy hand grenades; a trooper squad was sent to guard against this possibility, but no "invasion" occurred.</p><br>
<h3>1945–present</h3><br>
<p>After the end of the Second World War, military activities on Melville ended; the land was initially awarded to the Naval Sailors Association, a decision that prompted some disagreement among members of Parliament. Haligonians pushed for the area to be repurposed for recreation, partially due to anxieties about its use as a storage facility for potentially toxic chemicals. In 1947, the Canadian Army leased Melville Island to the Armdale Yacht Club for C$1 per year. The club demolished some of the buildings, renovated and expanded others, widened the road, and filled in a new embankment for boating. Further renovations were done in 1952 and the 1960s, adding verandahs to the two clubhouses (one of which dates to 1808 and was used as a wardens house) and remodelling their interiors. Though the clubs lease was initially year-to-year, in 1956 it began a 99-year lease from the Department of National Defence. The club dredged Melville Cove, added a "marine railway", and created a large marina, at which dozens of boats are now docked.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>During certain periods, Melville Island was a social destination for Halifax residents. Haligonians visited the "town fair" run by French inmates during the Napoleonic period. The peninsula was called a "great resort of the ladies of Halifax" by an 1855 newspaper. However, from the beginning of the First World War to 1947, visitors to Melville were restricted. Though it was re-opened with the arrival of the Armdale Yacht Club, the areas history was largely forgotten until the 2000 establishment of Deadmans Island Park on the adjacent peninsula. Since then, the site has become a tourist attraction, though its historicity is limited by the land&#39;s current use as a marina. A model made from beef and pork bones by French prisoners and a cell key to Melville Island are preserved at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax.</p><br>
<p>The peninsula has also been the subject of artistic and literary treatments. A number of writings by Melville prisoners have been preserved, including a diary by François-Lambert Bourneuf and an account credited to Benjamin Waterhouse (though historians are unsure of its true authorship). Politician Joseph Howe wrote a poem describing its use as a military prison (). The site&#39;s history has been the subject of a book by Brian Cuthbertson, and another by Iris Shea and Heather Watts. The prison is the subject of a painting held by the UK National Trust and a Nova Scotian folk song, among other cultural works.</p><br>
<p>Inis Cealtra, or Holy Island, is an island off the western shore of Lough Derg in Ireland. Now uninhabited, it was once a monastic settlement. It has an Irish round tower, and the ruins of several small churches, as well as part of 4 high crosses and a holy well. The cemetery on this island is still in use, coffins and mourners being transported the short distance from County Clare in small boats. Boat trips can be taken from the harbour at Mountshannon. It is conserved by the East Clare Heritage Centre.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Around 520 CE, St. Colum, (Died 548 CE), founded a monastery on Inis Cealtra. It formerly belonged to the Cenél Donnghaile in the territory of the Ó Gradys. The second monastery, a famous school of learning, was founded by St. Caimin, (Died 653 CE), who was Bishop-Abbot of Inis Cealtra and possibly the first Bishop of Killaloe. Vikings visited the island in 836; led by Turgesius, they killed many of the monks. A further Viking attack led by Tomran took place in 922. Marcán, brother of Brian Boru, was Bishop-Abbot of Tuamgraney and later Inis Cealtra until his death in 1003. The religious buildings of Inis Cealtra were not occupied after the reformation.</p><br>
<p>Until 1849, the island was part of County Clare, even though the adjoining shore of the mainland was in County Galway. In 1849, the island was transferred to Galway as part of Griffith&#39;s Valuation, which was mandated to eliminate detached portions of counties. However, in 1899, the district electoral division containing both the island and adjoining mainland was transferred from Galway to Clare under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898.</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastic ruins</h2><br>
<p>There are several ruins on the island.</p><br>
<p>The pilgrim’s path a low curved earthwork between St. Caimins Church and St. Michaels church.</p><br>
<p>The small Romanesque Baptism Church is enclosed by a stone wall. The doorway is an arch of three orders. The church was blown down in severe winds during 1839 and was later rebuilt as a house and as an iron works.</p><br>
<p>St. Caimin’s Church is the only roofed building, part of it dating back to the 10th century. In the 12th century a Romanesque doorway was created in the western wall. In 1879 it was reconstructed as an arch of three orders. In 1978 that doorway was taken down. In 1981 it was rebuilt in an arch of four rather than three orders. Inside the church there are crosses, monuments, gravestones and a sundial.</p><br>
<p>St. Marys Church ruins are from the 13th century. Inside there are graves and an OBrien tomb.</p><br>
<p>St. Michael’s Church is the name given to the remains of a small building which appears to have been a church. Old Ordnance Survey maps mark it as "Garaidh Mhichaeil" (Michael&#39;s garden) it was most likely a cillín, a burial ground for unbaptised children.</p><br>
<p>The Round Tower was surveyed by Dr. Liam de Paor and restoration was carried out between 1970 and 1980. The round tower&#39;s cone-cap was not found implying that the tower was never finished. This fits in with the legend that a beautiful witch distracted the stonemason.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to the Saints&#39; Graveyard is through the 19th century graveyard. The 11th century markers are inscribed in Irish. The confessional, pre 11th century, whose original use is unknown is situated outside the walls of the graveyard. It was used as a confessional during the 18th and 19th centuries and was rebuilt in the renovations of 1979.</p><br>
<p>There are five known Bullaun stones on the island.</p><br>
<h2>People</h2><br>
<p>Saint Donatus of Fiesole, teacher, poet, and Bishop of Fiesole was educated at Inis Cealtra.</p><br>
<p>St. Caimin&#39;s Church and the round tower are attributed to Brian Boru.</p><br>
<p>The wife of Turlough O&#39;Brien was buried here in 1076.</p><br>
<p>The poet and Nobel Laureate William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), who lived for a while not far away in the restored Norman Castle of Thoor Ballylee, wrote about Inis Cealtra and Lough Derg in his ballad The Pilgrim</p><br>
<h2>Annalistic references</h2><br>
<p>See Annals of Inisfallen</p><br>
<p>AI922.2 Tomrair son of Elgi, a Jarl of the foreigners, on Luimnech (the Lower Shannon), and he proceeded and plundered Inis Celtra and Muicinis, and burned Cluain Moccu Nóis; and he went on Loch Rí and plundered all its islands, and he ravaged Mide.</p><br>
<p>Seagull Island is a 58 ha linear sand island, about 2.5 km long, lying 4 km off Cape Van Diemen on the north-west coast of Melville Island, in the Tiwi Island group, in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is an important breeding site for seabirds.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The island is vegetated with grass and vines. It is a nesting site for olive ridley sea turtles. Land tenure is Aboriginal freehold land held by the Tiwi Aboriginal Land Trust.</p><br>
<h2>Birds</h2><br>
<p>The island has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports the largest colony of greater crested terns in the world, with up to 29,000 nests recorded there. Tern eggs are harvested by the island’s traditional owners. Up to 800 silver gulls also nest on the island, and possibly bridled and roseate terns. Large numbers of migrant common and little terns roost there, as do smaller numbers of frigatebirds and brown boobies.</p><br>
<p>The Eilumer Horn, at, is the highest point in the Elm, a ridge in the north German state of Lower Saxony. Although many maps suggest the Drachenberg is the highest hill in the Elm, the latter only reaches a height of 314 metres according to the State Survey Office of Lower Saxony .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For a long time the Eilumer Horn unexplored by the population and was just referred to as Kuxwall.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>At the summit of the Eilumer Horn stands a metal summit cross with a summit register.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The shape of the Eilumer Horn is very different from that of the other hills in the Elm. It is steeper and rockier. At the foot of the hills lies the valley of Reitlingstal, a popular local destination.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of the name</h2><br>
<p>Its name comes from the direction in which the "horn" faces, namely towards the village of Eilum on the edge of the Elm.</p><br>
<p>The Lanterne is a river in the east of France, a substantial left tributary of the Saône, and sub-tributary of the Rhône.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Lanterne rises within the parc naturel régional des Ballons des Vosges, in the commune of La Lanterne-et-les-Armonts in the département of Haute-Saône. It flows westward, then northwestward, then northward, and finally southwestward. It receives fast-flowing tributaries from the Massif des Vosges in the north. It flows to the south of Luxeuil-les-Bains and Saint-Loup-sur-Semouse.</p><br>
<p>The watershed of the Lanterne is scattered with over 1,000 bodies of water, notably in the "Plateau des Mille Étangs" (plateau of a thousand ponds) in the Vosges Massif.</p><br>
<p>The Lanterne joins the Saône at Conflandey, just downstream of the hydrological station at Fleurey-lès-Faverney. The confluence occurs a few kilometres upstream of the antique town of Port-sur-Saône.</p><br>
<p>The Lanterne&#39;s course includes numerous diversions, once used for irrigation, drinking water and water mills.</p><br>
<p>Initially the Lanterne was crossed at Faverney via a ford, then by a ferry boat. Following a capsizing on 30 May 1746, which resulted in drownings, a bridge was built.</p><br>
<p>Cherlieu Abbey owns fisheries at Conflans.</p><br>
<h3>Route</h3><br>
<p>The Lanterne flows through the following towns and villages:</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>The Lanterne is fed by the following tributaries and sub-tributaries:</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The annual mean flow rate of the Lanterne, calculated over 45 years of measurements at Fleurey-lès-Faverney as of 2008 (1964–2008), is 22.1 m³/s for a watershed of 1,020 km². The river exhibits seasonal fluctuations in flow rate, with winter floods from 32.4 to 37.3 m³/s from December to March inclusive, and weak flow in summer, in July/August/September, characterised by a decrease in the average monthly flow rate to 6.86 m³ in August.</p><br>
<p>Average monthly flow rate (m³/s) measured at the Fleurey-lès-Faverney hydrological station - data calculated from 45 years of measurements</p><br>
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<p>At low water, the 3-year low instantaneous flow rate can drop to 1.7 m³/s in the case of a dry five-year period.</p><br>
<p>Floods can be very significant. The maximum instantaneous flow rates over a 2-year and 5-year period (MIFR2 and MIFR5) measure 130 and 180 m³/s respectively. The MIFR10 is 220 m³/s, and the MIFR50 is 290 m³/s.</p><br>
<p>For purposes of comparison, the MIFR10 measured at Cailly-sur-Eure for the Eure river, a western French river of comparable flow rate in the Seine basin, is only 90 m³/s, while its MIFR50 is 120 m³/s. Thus the Lanterne, whose watershed is less than a quarter the extent of the Eure, exhibits floods more than twice as large.</p><br>
<p>The maximum instantaneous flow rate recorded for the Lanterne was 286 m³/s on 30 December 2001, while the maximum recorded daily average flow rate was 240m³/s on 26 May 1983. By relating them to MIFR values of the river, the December 2001 values represent a 50-year event and thus a fairly exceptional flooding.</p><br>
<p>The Lanterne is a powerful and substantial river. The runoff curve number in its watershed is 687 mm annually, which is high, and results from heavy rainfall in the part of its basin within the Vosges massif. Its specific flow rate reaches a solid 21.7 litres per second per square kilometre of basin. On receiving the Lanterne, the flow rate of the Saône increases by a full two-thirds.</p><br>
<p>The Morrison and Clark Houses  are historical buildings, located at 1013–1015 L Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Mount Vernon Square neighborhood. The Morrison-Clark Inn is recognized as a by the National Trust for Historic Preservation</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Italianate homes were constructed in 1865. Daniel L. Morrison was a government supplier during the Civil War, and Reuben B. Clark was jail commissioner.</p><br>
<p>The Women&#39;s Army and Navy League bought the Morrison home in 1923, operated it as an enlisted club.</p><br>
<p>First Ladies hosted teas as fund-raisers, beginning with Grace Coolidge, and including Mamie Eisenhower and Jacqueline Kennedy.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, in 1943, the club served more than 45,000 visitors, and 85,000 meals.</p><br>
<p>The building was renovated in 1987, by William Adair. It operates as the Morrison-Clark Inn. The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Roter Kogel is a mountain, in the Stubai Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol.</p><br>
<p>It lies on a ridge that runs from the Hohe Villerspitze over the Lüsener Villerspitze northwards as far as the Fotscher Windegg. West of this chain lies the Lüsener Valley and the village of Praxmar, a starting point for an ascent of the Roter Kogel. East of the Roter Kogels stretches the valley of Fotscher Tal, where there are two other bases: the Alpengasthof Bergheim Fotsch and the Potsdamer Hut. This ascent up the eastern side is also a popular ski tour in winter.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Heinrich und Walter Klier, Alpenvereinsführer Stubaier Alpen, Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, München 1988.</p><br>
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<p>Lindley Hall in Elverton Street, Westminster, London is the older of the two Royal Horticultural Halls and is owned by RHS Enterprises Limited, which is part of the charity Royal Horticultural Society in central London. The other is Lawrence Hall, which is no longer owned by the RHS; both are close to Vincent Square.</p><br>
<p>Although built as an exhibition hall, Lindley Hall is increasingly used for product launches, conferences, fashion shows, banquets, weddings and other events.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was the monarch King Edward VII who had mooted the idea of the Royal Horticultural Society having a purpose-built exhibition hall for its shows.</p><br>
<p>Lindley Hall was designed by Edwin J Stebbs and was built in 1904 of red brick with stone dressings and banding, with Arts and Crafts features and Renaissance details. His focus on achieving as much natural light as possible remains a key part of the character of the building, though complete blackout is also possible. It is noted for its classic Edwardian architecture.</p><br>
<p>On 22 July 1904, together with the Society&#39;s patron Queen Alexandra, King Edward VII officially declared the venue open.</p><br>
<p>The hall hosted the All England Open Badminton Championships from 1910 to 1939. It was registered as a Grade II listed building in 1970.</p><br>
<p>It is named after the English botanist John Lindley. The Lindley Library, based on his collection, is also managed by the RHS on the same site.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>Events held at the hall include:</p><br>
<p>1946 World Snooker Championship</p><br>
<p>Marks & Spencer Womenswear Launch (2003)</p><br>
<p>International Peace Conference (2005)</p><br>
<p>Lancôme Colour Design Awards (2006)</p><br>
<p>Stella McCartney Spring/Summer Collection Fashion Show (2009)</p><br>
<p>Tom Ford Spring/Summer 2015 show for London Fashion Week (2014)</p><br>
<p>Moschino Mens Spring/Summer 2015 Collection Fashion Show (2014) and Mens Autumn/Winter 2015 Collection Fashion Show (2015)</p><br>
<p>Katie Piper fundraising dinner (2014) for the Katie Piper Foundation. Attended by Simon Cowell (a patron of the foundation), Cheryl Fernandez-Versini, Louis Walsh, and Mel B</p><br>
<p>Mary Katrantzou Autumn/Winter Collection 2015 show for London Fashion Week (2015)</p><br>
<p>Paul Smith Fashion Show</p><br>
<p>Coys of Kensington Classic Car Auctions</p><br>
<p>Volkswagen Launch Event</p><br>
<h2>Film and Television</h2><br>
<p>Use of Lindley Hall as a filming location include:</p><br>
<p>BBC Question Time (TV Programme)</p><br>
<p>Robbie Williams – Old Before I Die (Music Video)</p><br>
<p>Audi Q5 (Advertisement)</p><br>
<p>The Farnam Mansion is a 19th-century mansion in the city of Oneida, which is located in Central New York State midway between the cities of Syracuse and Utica. Built circa 1862, it is situated on the southwest corner of Main and Stone Streets within the city&#39;s Main-Broad-Grove Streets Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>A black and white photograph (circa 1970s) showing the front of the Farnam Mansion appears on page 11 of the 1976 book, Country Roads - Madison Countys Heritage: A Resource for the Future (Madison County Planning Board; Jennifer G.F. Solms and Paula A. Schoonmaker, editors). The photos caption, which refers to the mansion as the "Farnam House" states that the builders "probably copied their design from the popular pattern books which published plans for the latest architectural styles." An uncaptioned black and white drawing of the mansion appears on page 8, and a paragraph describing some of the architectural details of "Oneida&#39;s Farnam House" appears on pages 130 and 131 in the Madison County Architecture section (by Brooks Stoddard.) An excerpt from the paragraph states that the mansion "features a tower topped by overhanging cornices</p><br>
<p>supported by ornate brackets. Similarly, the windows are decorated with very heavy hood-moulds and cornices, details which add considerable richness to the building. Wrought iron designs of vines and flowers further enhance this effect." Stoddard also calls the mansion a prime example of the county&#39;s Italian Villa style of architecture which began circa 1850 as part of the Alexander Jackson Davis and Andrew Jackson Downing innovations.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original owner of the mansion was a wealthy businessman named Stephen Head Farnam, after whom the house was named. In addition to being a successful hardware store owner and president of the National State Bank, Mr. Farnam was also a proprietor of the Little Falls Axe Factory, the president of the Glenwood Cemetery Association, and one of the organizers and first directors of the Oneida Gas Light Company. He died at home on November 17, 1897 after suffering a stroke. His obituary described him as "a well-known and highly esteemed citizen and merchant" of Oneida, and also "a self-made man and the architect of his own fortunes." (Other members of the Farnam family who have died in the mansion include Stephens first wife, Elizabeth; their son Frederick James, who died of consumption in 1892 at the age of thirty-one; and Stephens sister Sarah Robinson, who died after a week&#39;s illness of dysentery at the age of 80. Stephen and Elizabeth Farnam, along with their four sons and other family members, are buried at the Glenwood Cemetery in Oneida, New York.)</p><br>
<p>In October 1913 Stephen Farnams widowed second wife, Sarah, sold the mansion to Mary Dyer Jackson, an early activist in the womens suffrage movement. Miss Jackson, who founded the Progress Club in 1889 and became a charter member of the Madison County Historical Society in 1898, was well-known on a regional scale for being the first woman in Central New York to circulate a petition asking the New York State Legislature to grant women the right to vote. Interestingly, just five months after purchasing the mansion, Jackson sold the property and moved out. Her unusual short stay, along with the Farnam deaths, ignited a rumor that the mansion was haunted. As the rumor spread, many people in Oneida became convinced that frightful encounters with spirits were responsible for Jackson&#39;s hasty departure.</p><br>
<p>In March 1914, Dr. Robert Lewis Crockett and his wife Mabel took ownership of the mansion. Dr. Crockett was a distinguished physician and surgeon who served as the 8th mayor of Oneida from 1916-1917 before leaving for military service in the first World War. He was also a naturalist who made a hobby of collecting wild plants and flower specimens, and was a member of three noted Syracuse University expeditions into Mexico, South America, and Canada. One of his favorite pastimes was taking field trips to the wilds of the Adirondacks to seek unusual plant specimens, many of which he brought back with him and studied in a laboratory set up in the basement of his home. It was down in this laboratory, while examining botanical specimens with his wife, that he was stricken with a fatal heart attack on May 27, 1946. His widow sold the mansion to Dr. Chancellor H. Whiting in 1952, who, in turn, sold it ten years later to Dr. William M. Hummer and his wife Shirley - both of whom died in the house in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was converted into a bed and breakfast by its next owners, the Chapins, who added four bathrooms and two rooms with jacuzzi tubs to the bedrooms on the second floor. They lived in the house for eleven years until ill health forced them to retire from innkeeping. They sold the mansion to the Todd Gioeli and his wife who used it as a single-family rental property for a number of years. In 2010 the house changed hands again with Gerri Gray as the new owner.</p><br>
<h2>Deaths in the Farnam Mansion (In Chronological Order)</h2><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>In 2010 they opened their doors to the public as a bed and breakfast called the Collinwood Inn. Themed after the 1960s gothic daytime drama, Dark Shadows, and decorated with antiques and various Dark Shadows memorabilia, the inn offered guests the choice of four rooms named after the television show&#39;s main characters: Barnabas, Angelique, Josette, and Quentin. In 2013 the bed and breakfast ceased operation, and all public events and guided tours of the mansion were discontinued. The house is now used as a single family dwelling, and the Grays occasionally host private paranormal investigations and seances there.</p><br>
<h2>Hauntings</h2><br>
<p>After experiencing a number of strange and unexplainable phenomena in the Farnam Mansion and learning of the alleged paranormal experiences of some of its former owners and residents, Gerri and Brian Gray contacted a paranormal research group called the New York Shadow Chasers and invited them to investigate the house. The first of many paranormal investigations of the Farnam Mansion by the Shadow Chasers team took place in April 2011 on Good Friday. During that initial investigation, paranormal activity was witnessed and documented by all of the investigators and included the sighting of a shadow figure darting along the exterior wall in the main parlor, a lamp in the parlor turning on by itself, unexplained footsteps and voices coming from the bedroom directly above the parlor, a light anomaly on the second floor, and numerous intelligent responses via a PX device and voice recorders, which were believed to be spirit communications. The New York Shadow Chasers concluded that "it was clear before we even began putting away the equipment that the Farnam Mansion was haunted and the spirits were very happy to communicate."</p><br>
<p>On August 13, 2011, the Farnam Mansion hosted its first annual "Night of Shadows" public paranormal investigation with the New York Shadow Chasers to help educate the public about ghost-hunting as well as the history of the house. The investigators and participants alike documented paranormal activity which included the sounds of footsteps, disembodied voices and shadow figures. At midnight a seance conducted by Gerri Gray was held in the seance room and the paranormal activity in the mansion increased to the point of heavy footsteps pacing the halls and the materialization of a white phantom cat on the attic stairs.</p><br>
<p>Numerous paranormal investigations (both public and private) have since been conducted at the Farnam Mansion, which has quickly earned itself the reputation of being a "paranormal hot spot.". Groups and individuals that have investigated the mansion include the New York Shadow Chasers, New York State Paranormal Research, psychic-medium Lesley Marden, author and radio show host Ron Kolek, Anne Kerrigan of East Bridgewaters Most Haunted, the New England Ghost Project, Michelle Desrochers of Canadas Most Haunted, Island Paranormal, and Rome Investigators of the Paranormal (R.I.P.).</p><br>
<p>The Farnam Mansion, along with its history and paranormal activity, are featured in the books, Ghost Hunting the Mohawk Valley by Lynda Lee Macken, Cano Davy and Marcus Zwierecki (Black Cat Press, 2012) and Chasing Shadows: New York Ghosts by Katya Von Heuser and P.W. Creighton (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012). The mansion also appeared on the front cover of the October 2017 issue of Accent (an Observer-Dispatch media publication.) The same magazine additionally featured a three-page, photo-illustrated story about the hauntings of the Farnam Mansion, which was written by Tennille-Lynn Millo.</p><br>
